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Preference to freshmen. Variation and change in languages from around the world; language and thought; variation in sound patterns and grammatical structures; linguistic and social structures of variation; how languages differ from one another and how issues in linguistics connect to other social and cultural issues; the systematic study of language.

Introduction to basic concepts and issues in the linguistic study of word meaning. We explore grammatical regularities in word meaning and the relation between word meaning and the conceptual realm. The questions we address include the following. How is the meaning of a word determined from its internal structure? How can simple words have complex meanings? What is a possible word? How does a word's meaning determine the word's syntactic distribution and what kind of reasoning does it support? What kind of information belongs to the lexical entry of a word? The course will show that the investigation¿of the linguistic and semantic structure of words draws on the full resources of linguistic theory and methodology. Prerequisites: SYMSYS1, LINGUIST1, LINGUIST35, or equivalent or permission of the instructor. LINGUIST 130A is not a prerequisite for this course.

This course examines the linguistic structure of discourse, with a particular emphasis on learning to identify the emergent structures of spontaneous conversations. Specific topics include inference and implicature, discourse cohesion, turn-taking, discourse markers, narrative, and reference. Through class discussions and hands-on data analysis, students will explore how the structure of discourse is shaped by cognition, grammar, and social relationships. Prerequisite: Linguist 1, 121A, 121B, 130A, 130B, 145, 150, or 155F

The role of language in the construction of gender, the maintenance of the gender order, and social change. Field projects explore hypotheses about the interaction of language and gender. No knowledge of linguistics required.

This course examines constructed languages, which are languages that were invented rather than arising naturally. We will cover the components that characterize a language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and writing systems. These characteristics vary among languages of the world, so constructing a language involves many decisions about each of these characteristics. Using the tools of linguistic theory, we will analyze examples of constructed languages, both those from fiction (e.g. Klingon, High Valyrian, Sindarin) and those intended for real-world usage (e.g. Esperanto). Students will each construct their own language based on the concepts we discuss.

Designed for undergraduates beginning or working on research projects in linguistics. Participants present and receive feedback on their projects and receive tips on the research and writing process.

Introduction to phonological theory and analysis based on cross-linguistic evidence. Topics: phonological representations including features, syllables, metrical structure; phonological processes; phonological rules and constraints; phonological typology and universals; the phonology/morphology interface; Optimality Theory and Harmonic Grammar. Prerequisites: Linguist 110 or consent of instructor