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The following topics areproposed for an independent study: (1)Land use history in France:After centuries of deforestation, French landscapes have been reforesting for more than a century. What are the causes, and environmental and social implications of this "forest transition"?(2) Organic agriculture in France:In 2018, the cultivated area under organic agriculture in France was 20% larger than in 2015, representing nearly 6% of the total cultivated area. What explains this trend? How is the organic agriculture standard defined in Europe? What are the health and environmental benefits of organic agriculture?(3) Outsourcing ecological footprints to other continents:The environmental impacts of France's consumption within its borders are decreasing. But does it reflect a decoupling between economic activity and environmental degradation, or is it just the result of a displacement of the most polluting activities to other countries? (4) Sustainability sourcing commitments by corporate actors: A growing number of multinational corporations are making sustainability sourcing commitments. Does the country (or continent) where these companies are based or sell their products have an influence on the likelihood of making such commitments?(5) Geographical Indications (GIs) in Europe: GIs identify a good as originating from a region where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is attributable to its geographical origin. More than 6,000 of the 10,300 products that benefit from GIs in the world are produced in the European Union. What are the benefits of GIs for producers and consumers?