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This class will analyze the growth in inequality in the US over the last several decades and how that trend is likely to continue or change in the future. We will ask if and how public policy can affect inequality. We will also focus on business's role -- what are the responsibilities of private sector companies, how does inequality affect them, and how should the growth in inequality affect their strategies? We will look at inequality in income, some of its potential sources, and its effects in other areas. Specifically, we will look at education, housing, the social safety net, migration, and the job market. The class will be very interactive and will be based on readings drawn from academic research, case studies, news, and opinion readings. We will also have guest speakers from industry, government, and non-profits. The class will be co-taught by a GSB labor economist and an advisor to policy makers with decades of business experience.LOGISTICAL NOTE: During the week of May 13, the class will not meet during the regular time slots. Instead, there will be a mandatory, all-day class field trip to explore inequality issues in depth and in person on Wednesday, May 15. If you have an academic-related reason you cannot make the trip, we will assign alternative work. However, the trip is required unless you have a conflicting class or academic obligation.

This course provides the legal, institutional, and economic background necessary to understand the financing and production of health services in the US. Potential topics include: health reform, health insurance (Medicare and Medicaid, employer-sponsored insurance, the uninsured), medical malpractice and quality regulation, pharmaceuticals, the corporate practice of medicine, regulation of fraud and abuse, and international comparisons.

Businesses are increasingly expected to have a positive social impact, as evidenced by the rapid growth of impact investing. Yet, even as the impact investing market has taken off, impact measurement has lagged, undermining the credibility of the sector. Impact measurement is also critical to individual firms, not-for-profits and governments, as they face increased pressure to generate quantifiable results. How can we measure impact? What are some of the most effective frameworks, tools and approaches for impact measurement? How does one choose the most appropriate measurement tool based on factors such as the size, maturity and sector of an organization? Can impact be distilled down to a single monetary measure, such as a dollar? These and other questions will be explored in considerable depth, through analysis and discussion of case studies as well as hand-on use of impact measurement tools. This course is a good match for students interested in impact measurement, impact investing, profit-with-purpose businesses or the role of business in society. The course will be co-taught by Matt Bannick, who led the impact investing firm, Omidyar Network, and served as the President of PayPal and of eBay International, and Neil Malhotra, Director of the Center for Social Innovation and an expert in the statistical measurement of impact.

Poverty rates have fallen markedly in countries around the world, as more households have joined the lower middle-class. Indeed, though U.S. income inequality has increased, inequality has fallen around the world. However, by developed country standards, poverty remains pervasive. What has caused the decline in rates of poverty and can we expect further decreases or can we act to accelerate the improvements? One answer is that countries that have experienced 'inclusive growth'?, in which the growth of the economy (i.e., GDP) has elevated the incomes of the poor, have done better at creating jobs for the poor, especially in the private sector. Therefore, the class will consider the evidence on the factors that have contributed to inclusive economic growth in developing countries. A second answer as to why poverty has fallen, but remains at high levels, is that governments and aid agencies and foundations have targeted programs to the poor. This course discusses macroeconomic policy, targeted government policies, aid, and entrepreneurship in developing countries. Examples will be given from Latin America, South Asia, and Africa. The course is co-taught by a Stanford economist and a World Bank consultant and will build on examples from recent experiences. The class is aimed at GSB students who are either intellectually curious about the topic or anticipate doing business in developing countries.

Businesses are increasingly expected to have a positive social impact, as evidenced by the rapid growth of impact investing. Yet, even as the impact investing market has taken off, impact measurement has lagged, undermining the credibility of the sector. Impact measurement is also critical to individual firms, not-for-profits and governments, as they face increased pressure to generate quantifiable results. How can we measure impact? What are some of the most effective frameworks, tools and approaches for impact measurement? How does one choose the most appropriate measurement tool based on factors such as the size, maturity and sector of an organization? Can impact be distilled down to a single monetary measure, such as a dollar? These and other questions will be explored in considerable depth, primarily through analysis and discussion of case studies. This course is a good match for students interested in impact measurement, impact investing, profit-with-purpose businesses or the role of business in society. The course will be taught by Matt Bannick, who led the impact investing firm, Omidyar Network, and served as the President of PayPal and of eBay International.

We assume happiness is stable, an endpoint to achieve our goal to chase. It's not. Recent behavioral research suggests that the meaning of happiness changes every 5-10 years, raising the question: how might we build organizations and lives that cultivate happiness? Research suggests it is better to aim for meaning. In Rethinking Purpose, we explore how to rethink purpose in work and life. Students will hear from guests and take a field trip to see how Google has reconsidered purpose. Building on the principles for Solve for X ( www.solveforx.com), a platform encouraging moonshot thinking to solve huge problems in the world, we'll harness design thinking principles to create personal moonshots and a path to continue to find those moonshots over the life course. Lastly, we'll map out how to use time in ways that would help build innovative teams, products, and ultimately lives that have positive, meaningful, lasting impact in the world.

Explores the relation between technology, war, and national security policy with reference to current events. Course focuses on current U.S. national security challenges and the role that technology plays in shaping our understanding and response to these challenges, including the recent Russia-Ukraine conflict. Topics include: interplay between technology and modes of warfare; dominant and emerging technologies such as nuclear weapons, cyber, sensors, stealth, and biological; security challenges to the U.S.; and the U.S. response and adaptation to new technologies of military significance.

Concepts, methods, and applications. Energy/environmental policy issues such as automobile fuel economy regulation, global climate change, research and development policy, and environmental benefit assessment. Group project. Prerequisite: MS&E 241 or ECON 50.

Regulatory approval and reimbursement for new health technologies are critical success factors for product commercialization. This course explores the regulatory and payer environment in the U.S. and abroad, as well as common methods of health technology assessment. Students will learn frameworks to identify factors relevant to the adoption of new health technologies, and the management of those factors in the design and development phases of bringing a product to market through case studies, guest speakers from government (FDA) and industry, and a course project.