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If God is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent, then why is there Evil in the world? We will read and discuss the key thinkers and foundational texts from Plato and the Book of Job to Nietzsche and Dostoevsky in order to appreciate the diverse responses to this question. We will survey approaches such as skepticism and theodicy in the works of the Classical authors and among Christian, Jewish, and Islamic thinkers like Augustine, Maimonides, and al-Ghazali. We will also engage with earlier dualist traditions such as Zoroastrianism and Manicheism, and with the responses of Enlightenment thinkers such as Leibniz, Hume, and Kant. We will conclude with the most strident atheistic responses from contemporary philosophers like Richard Dawkins and Daniel Dennett.