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RAD 21Q: The Magic of Medical Imaging

For centuries, the only way to know what was happening inside our bodies was to open them up, and look. Everything changed very late in the 19th century and throughout 20th century, with the development of increasingly powerful medical imaging tools such as X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound. Today, X-rays can depict tiny bone cracks, ultrasound can visualize heart valve dysfunction, CT can map our vascular system, MRI can see small brain defects, and PET imaging can help identify aggressive cancers. In this seminar, we will discuss the magic of medical imaging and the principles and technologies behind these tools that enable seeing inside our body. We will discuss the main medical imaging modalities, and discuss their applications with real life examples. Students will learn about medical imaging as well as about common conditions and diseases, and aspects of human anatomy. Essential components of the seminar include active participation during the discussions and student-led presentations on medical imaging topics of interest. The seminar has no prerequisite other than an interest in medical imaging and curiosity about the human body.
Terms: Aut | Units: 3 | UG Reqs: WAY-SMA

RAD 23N: Seeing the Invisible (CHEM 23N)

Seeing is believing! This seminar course will introduce breakthrough imaging technologies from super resolution fluorescence microscopes for imaging single molecules in living cells to tomography imaging for visualizing the happenings deep inside our bodies. You will learn about their applications in probing physiology, biology and biochemistry for biological research and medical diagnosis. You will have the opportunity to tour an imaging facility and perform hands-on laboratory imaging.
Terms: Spr | Units: 3 | UG Reqs: WAY-SMA
Instructors: ; Rao, J. (PI)

RAD 101: Readings in Radiology Research

Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 1-18 | Repeatable for credit
Instructors: ; Atlas, S. (PI); Bammer, R. (PI); Barnes, P. (PI); Barth, R. (PI); Bazalova, M. (PI); Beaulieu, C. (PI); Becker, C. (PI); Biswal, S. (PI); Blankenberg, F. (PI); Chan, F. (PI); Cheng, Z. (PI); Chin, F. (PI); Dahl, J. (PI); Daldrup-Link, H. (PI); Daniel, B. (PI); Demirci, U. (PI); Desser, T. (PI); Do, H. (PI); Fahrig, R. (PI); Federle, M. (PI); Fischbein, N. (PI); Fleischmann, D. (PI); Gayer, G. (PI); Ghanouni, P. (PI); Glover, G. (PI); Gold, G. (PI); Goris, M. (PI); Hargreaves, B. (PI); Herfkens, R. (PI); Hofmann, L. (PI); Hovsepian, D. (PI); Hwang, G. (PI); Iagaru, A. (PI); Ikeda, D. (PI); Jaramillo, D. (PI); Jeffrey, R. (PI); KUO, W. (PI); Kamaya, A. (PI); Kane, P. (PI); Kao, J. (PI); Keeling, C. (PI); Kothary, N. (PI); Lachman, R. (PI); Langlotz, C. (PI); Larson, D. (PI); Lebowitz, E. (PI); Leung, A. (PI); Levin, C. (PI); Lipson, J. (PI); Loening, A. (PI); Louie, J. (PI); Lungren, M. (PI); Lutz, A. (PI); Mallick, P. (PI); Marks, M. (PI); Massoud, T. (PI); McNab, J. (PI); Moseley, M. (PI); Moskowitz, P. (PI); Napel, S. (PI); Newman, B. (PI); Nino-Murcia, M. (PI); Olcott, E. (PI); Paik, D. (PI); Pal, S. (PI); Paulmurugan, R. (PI); Pauly, K. (PI); Pelc, N. (PI); Pitteri, S. (PI); Plevritis, S. (PI); Quon, A. (PI); Rao, J. (PI); Riley, G. (PI); Rubesova, E. (PI); Rubin, D. (PI); Rutt, B. (PI); Segall, G. (PI); Seidel, F. (PI); Shin, L. (PI); Soh, H. (PI); Spielman, D. (PI); Stevens, K. (PI); Stoyanova, T. (PI); Sze, D. (PI); Thakor, A. (PI); Van Dalsem, V. (PI); Vasanawala, S. (PI); Wintermark, M. (PI); Yao, D. (PI); Yeom, K. (PI); Zaharchuk, G. (PI); Zeineh, M. (PI)

RAD 189: Career Building: Entrepreneurship / Intrapreneurship, People, Innovation, Decision-Making and Impact (CHEMENG 189, CHEMENG 289, ENGR 289, RAD 289)

This course is designed to enable graduate students and advanced undergraduate students in science and engineering to hone strategies for career success. Drawing strongly on entrepreneurial principles and lessons from industry, the course complements the traditional curriculum by focusing on career-building tools that students need to improve their professional prospects and achieve their goals. Relevant for those who plan to pursue careers in academia and industry alike, a central focus will be on managing one's career as if it were a start-up, emphasizing principles that empower individuals to take more control of their futures: investing in yourself, building professional networks, taking intelligent risks, and making uncertainty and volatility work to one's advantage. Through a series of in-classroom presentations and interviews - with professors, entrepreneurs, executives, athletes, investors, and thought leaders from diverse fields and sectors - students will gain important knowledge and practical strategies, with course modules on topics such as ideation and innovation, the skill of self-advocacy, the fundamentals of negotiation, building and managing teams, and effective communication and storytelling. Additional modules will focus on biotechnology and deep tech start-up companies, as well as strategies for cultivating a successful academic career. The idea for this course emerged from the instructor's reflections on 30 years of research, teaching, mentorship, and deep entrepreneurial experiences spanning the gamut of approaches to translational science - academic discovery, invention, conceiving of and leading multi-institutional research centers, building research and business teams, launching and financing start-ups, building business models to advance real-world applications of cutting-edge science, and seeing through research-based companies to success (including growing an idea into a multi-billion dollar company). For this course, students will be expected to complete relevant reading assignments, participate actively in class dialogue, and complete regular writing assignments focused on course topics as they relate to ones own career-building needs and professional aspirations. Students may also have opportunities to lead class discussions on topics of interest.
Terms: Win | Units: 3

RAD 199: Undergraduate Research

Students undertake investigations sponsored by individual faculty members. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 1-18 | Repeatable for credit
Instructors: ; Airan, R. (PI); Bammer, R. (PI); Barnes, P. (PI); Barth, R. (PI); Beaulieu, C. (PI); Becker, C. (PI); Biswal, S. (PI); Blankenberg, F. (PI); Chan, F. (PI); Chaudhari, A. (PI); Cheng, Z. (PI); Chin, F. (PI); Dahl, J. (PI); Daldrup-Link, H. (PI); Daniel, B. (PI); Demirci, U. (PI); Desser, T. (PI); Do, H. (PI); Durmus, G. (PI); Ennis, D. (PI); Federle, M. (PI); Ferrara, K. (PI); Fischbein, N. (PI); Fleischmann, D. (PI); Gayer, G. (PI); Ghanouni, P. (PI); Glover, G. (PI); Gold, G. (PI); Goris, M. (PI); Hargreaves, B. (PI); Herfkens, R. (PI); Hofmann, L. (PI); Hovsepian, D. (PI); Hwang, G. (PI); Iagaru, A. (PI); Ikeda, D. (PI); Jaramillo, D. (PI); Jeffrey, R. (PI); KUO, W. (PI); Kamaya, A. (PI); Kane, P. (PI); Kao, J. (PI); Keeling, C. (PI); Kothary, N. (PI); Lachman, R. (PI); Langlotz, C. (PI); Larson, D. (PI); Lebowitz, E. (PI); Leung, A. (PI); Levin, C. (PI); Lipson, J. (PI); Loening, A. (PI); Louie, J. (PI); Lungren, M. (PI); Lutz, A. (PI); Mallick, P. (PI); Marks, M. (PI); Massoud, T. (PI); McNab, J. (PI); Moseley, M. (PI); Moskowitz, P. (PI); Napel, S. (PI); Newman, B. (PI); Nino-Murcia, M. (PI); Olcott, E. (PI); Paik, D. (PI); Pal, S. (PI); Paredes Castro, P. (PI); Paulmurugan, R. (PI); Pauly, K. (PI); Pelc, N. (PI); Pitteri, S. (PI); Plevritis, S. (PI); Popelka, G. (PI); Quon, A. (PI); Rao, J. (PI); Riley, G. (PI); Rubesova, E. (PI); Rubin, D. (PI); Rusu, M. (PI); Rutt, B. (PI); Segall, G. (PI); Seidel, F. (PI); Shin, L. (PI); Soh, H. (PI); Spielman, D. (PI); Stevens, K. (PI); Stoyanova, T. (PI); Sze, D. (PI); Thakor, A. (PI); Van Dalsem, V. (PI); Vasanawala, S. (PI); Wang, A. (PI); Wintermark, M. (PI); Wu, J. (PI); Yao, D. (PI); Yeom, K. (PI); Zaharchuk, G. (PI); Zeineh, M. (PI)

RAD 201: Introduction to Radiology

This seminar is offered to pre-clinical medical students interested in learning about how image-based anatomy can reinforce their knowledge of gross anatomy as they progress through the term. This also serves as a refresher for MSII students. Within this seminar, students will explore image findings in human anatomy in the normal and diseased state. The course will also cover when to request X-Ray, Flouroscopy, Ultrasound, CT, MRI, and Nuclear Medicine. There will be time to explore Radiology as a career choice as well as research opportunities in Radiology.
Terms: Aut | Units: 1

RAD 203: Image-Guided Intervention Workshop

This seminar will be offered to pre-clinical medical students interested in learning and practicing image guided procedures using interventional radiology training equipment. Image guided procedures lead to improved outcomes and decreased cost and increasingly used. The course will comprise of six sessions which include: basic US hands-on skills including scanning, probes, knobology; biopsy/FNA basics including breast biopsy; into to basic IR equipment; femoral artery access and suturing; lumbar puncture; arterial inventions and drains. Students may also get involved in research studies on procedural training.
Terms: Spr | Units: 1 | Repeatable 6 times (up to 6 units total)

RAD 206: Mixed-Reality in Medicine (BIOE 206, BMP 206)

Mixed reality uses transparent displays to place virtual objects in the user's field of vision such that they can be aligned to and interact with actual objects. This has tremendous potential for medical applications. The course aims to teach the basics of mixed-reality device technology, and to directly connect engineering students to physicians for real-world applications. Student teams will complete guided assignments on developing new mixed-reality technology and a final project applying mixed-reality to solve real medical challenges. Prerequisites: (1) Programming competency in a language such as C, C++. or Python. (2) A basic signal processing course such as EE102B (Digital Signal Processing), while not required, will be helpful. (3) A medical imaging course, while not required, will be helpful. Please contact the instructors with any questions about prerequisites.
Terms: Aut | Units: 3

RAD 210: Seminar Series for Biomedical Physics (BMP 210)

This seminar series is designed for students interested in biomedical physics, radiation therapy, image-guided therapy, diagnostic, interventional, and molecular imaging, and other forms of disease detection and characterization including molecular diagnostics. Speakers include Stanford faculty and research scientists, as well as industry professionals.
Terms: Aut | Units: 1 | Repeatable 2 times (up to 2 units total)
Instructors: ; Kogan, F. (PI); Rusu, M. (PI)

RAD 211: Biomedical Signals I (BMP 211)

This course builds the foundational skills for analyzing biomedical signals and systems. Students will learn about biomedical signal processing (with emphasis on two-dimensional signals), linear systems and their properties, the Fourier transform and its applications, spatial/time domain vs frequency domain, and sampling theory. Examples will be drawn from medical imaging modalities such as MR, x-ray, CT, and ultrasound to demonstrate linear systems analysis and medical image reconstruction using Fourier transform methods.
Terms: Aut | Units: 3

RAD 220: Introduction to Imaging and Image-based Human Anatomy (BIOE 220, BMP 220)

Focus on learning the fundamentals of each imaging modality including X-ray Imaging, Ultrasound, CT, and MRI, to learn normal human anatomy and how it appears on medical images, to learn the relative strengths of the modalities, and to answer, "What am I looking at?" Course website: http://bioe220.stanford.edu
Terms: Win | Units: 3

RAD 221: Physics and Engineering of Radionuclide-based Medical Imaging (BIOE 221, BMP 221)

Physics, instrumentation, and algorithms for radionuclide-based medical imaging, with a focus on positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Topics include basic physics of photon emission from the body and detection, sensors, readout and data acquisition electronics, system design, strategies for tomographic image reconstruction, system calibration and data correction algorithms, methods of image quantification, and image quality assessment, and current developments in the field. Prerequisites: A year of university-level mathematics and physics.
Terms: Win | Units: 3

RAD 222: Physics and Engineering Principles of Multi-modality Molecular Imaging of Living Subjects (BIOE 222, BMP 222)

Physics and Engineering Principles of Multi-modality Molecular Imaging of Living Subjects (RAD 222A). Focuses on instruments, algorithms and other technologies for non-invasive imaging of molecular processes in living subjects. Introduces research and clinical molecular imaging modalities, including PET, SPECT, MRI, Ultrasound, Optics, and Photoacoustics. For each modality, lectures cover the basics of the origin and properties of imaging signal generation, instrumentation physics and engineering of signal detection, signal processing, image reconstruction, image data quantification, applications of machine learning, and applications of molecular imaging in medicine and biology research.
Terms: Aut | Units: 3-4
Instructors: ; Levin, C. (PI)

RAD 224: Probes and Applications for Multi-modality Molecular Imaging of Living Subjects (BIOE 224, BMP 224)

We will focus on design, development, and application of imaging agents that target specific cellular and molecular aspects of disease. Covers the strengths and limitations of different imaging agents and how to optimize their design for image-guided intra-operative procedures, brain imaging, probing infection, or interrogating tumor metabolism. Emphasis this year will be on clinical molecular imaging, state-of-the-art strategies for early detection of dementia, imaging response to cancer immunotherapy, and how 'Deep Learning' can be used for probe design and high-throughput automated image analysis.
Terms: Win | Units: 3 | Repeatable 2 times (up to 8 units total)

RAD 230: Ultrasound Beamforming and Array Processing (BMP 230)

The course covers the fundamentals of beamforming and array processing as applied to medical ultrasound imaging. Topics of the course include the physics of wave propagation, sampling requirements for aperture data, beamforming in the time and frequency domains, noise in beamforming, and ultrasound data acquisition geometries. Students will learn how to analyze and implement different beamforming techniques through project-based assignments.
Terms: Sum | Units: 1-2

RAD 235: Advanced Ultrasound Imaging (BMP 235)

The focus of this course is on advanced ultrasound imaging techniques for medical imaging applications. Topics include beamforming, adaptive beamforming, Fourier beamforming, synthetic aperture techniques, speckle, speckle reduction, k-space, harmonic imaging, coherence imaging, phase aberration, radiation force imaging, elastography, quantitative ultrasound, Doppler and flow imaging, ultrasounds modeling and advanced ultrasound theory.
Terms: Win | Units: 3

RAD 260: Computational Methods for Biomedical Image Analysis and Interpretation (BIOMEDIN 260, BMP 260, CS 235)

The latest biological and medical imaging modalities and their applications in research and medicine. Focus is on computational analytic and interpretive approaches to optimize extraction and use of biological and clinical imaging data for diagnostic and therapeutic translational medical applications. Topics include major image databases, fundamental methods in image processing and quantitative extraction of image features, structured recording of image information including semantic features and ontologies, indexing, search and content-based image retrieval. Case studies include linking image data to genomic, phenotypic and clinical data, developing representations of image phenotypes for use in medical decision support and research applications and the role that biomedical imaging informatics plays in new questions in biomedical science. Includes a project. Enrollment for 3 units requires instructor consent. Prerequisites: programming ability at the level of CS 106A, familiarity with statistics, basic biology. Knowledge of Matlab or Python highly recommended.
Terms: Spr | Units: 3-4

RAD 271: Foundation Models for Healthcare (BIODS 271, CS 277)

Generative AI and large-scale self-supervised foundation models are poised to have a profound impact on human decision making across occupations. Healthcare is one such area where such models have the capacity to impact patients, clinicians, and other care providers. In this course, we will explore the training, evaluation, and deployment of generative AI and foundation models, with a focus on addressing current and future medical needs. The course will cover models used in natural language processing, computer vision, and multi-modal applications. We will explore the intersection of models trained on non-healthcare domains and their adaptation to domain-specific problems, as well as healthcare-specific foundation models. Prerequisites: Familiarity with machine learning principles at the level of CS 229, 231N, or 224N
Terms: Win | Units: 3

RAD 280: Early Clinical Experience in Radiology

Provides an observational experience as determined by the instructor and student. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 1-2 | Repeatable for credit
Instructors: ; Atlas, S. (PI); Bammer, R. (PI); Barnes, P. (PI); Barth, R. (PI); Bazalova, M. (PI); Beaulieu, C. (PI); Becker, C. (PI); Biswal, S. (PI); Blankenberg, F. (PI); Chan, F. (PI); Cheng, Z. (PI); Chin, F. (PI); Dahl, J. (PI); Daldrup-Link, H. (PI); Daniel, B. (PI); Demirci, U. (PI); Desser, T. (PI); Do, H. (PI); Fahrig, R. (PI); Federle, M. (PI); Fischbein, N. (PI); Fleischmann, D. (PI); Gayer, G. (PI); Ghanouni, P. (PI); Glover, G. (PI); Gold, G. (PI); Goris, M. (PI); Hargreaves, B. (PI); Herfkens, R. (PI); Hofmann, L. (PI); Hovsepian, D. (PI); Hwang, G. (PI); Iagaru, A. (PI); Ikeda, D. (PI); Jaramillo, D. (PI); Jeffrey, R. (PI); KUO, W. (PI); Kamaya, A. (PI); Kane, P. (PI); Kao, J. (PI); Keeling, C. (PI); Kothary, N. (PI); Lachman, R. (PI); Langlotz, C. (PI); Larson, D. (PI); Lebowitz, E. (PI); Leung, A. (PI); Levin, C. (PI); Lipson, J. (PI); Loening, A. (PI); Louie, J. (PI); Lungren, M. (PI); Lutz, A. (PI); Mallick, P. (PI); Marks, M. (PI); Massoud, T. (PI); McNab, J. (PI); Mittra, E. (PI); Moseley, M. (PI); Moskowitz, P. (PI); Napel, S. (PI); Newman, B. (PI); Nino-Murcia, M. (PI); Olcott, E. (PI); Paik, D. (PI); Pal, S. (PI); Paulmurugan, R. (PI); Pauly, K. (PI); Pelc, N. (PI); Pitteri, S. (PI); Plevritis, S. (PI); Quon, A. (PI); Rao, J. (PI); Riley, G. (PI); Rubesova, E. (PI); Rubin, D. (PI); Rutt, B. (PI); Segall, G. (PI); Seidel, F. (PI); Shin, L. (PI); Soh, H. (PI); Spielman, D. (PI); Stevens, K. (PI); Stoyanova, T. (PI); Sze, D. (PI); Thakor, A. (PI); Van Dalsem, V. (PI); Vasanawala, S. (PI); Wintermark, M. (PI); Wu, J. (PI); Yao, D. (PI); Yeom, K. (PI); Zaharchuk, G. (PI); Zeineh, M. (PI)

RAD 289: Career Building: Entrepreneurship / Intrapreneurship, People, Innovation, Decision-Making and Impact (CHEMENG 189, CHEMENG 289, ENGR 289, RAD 189)

This course is designed to enable graduate students and advanced undergraduate students in science and engineering to hone strategies for career success. Drawing strongly on entrepreneurial principles and lessons from industry, the course complements the traditional curriculum by focusing on career-building tools that students need to improve their professional prospects and achieve their goals. Relevant for those who plan to pursue careers in academia and industry alike, a central focus will be on managing one's career as if it were a start-up, emphasizing principles that empower individuals to take more control of their futures: investing in yourself, building professional networks, taking intelligent risks, and making uncertainty and volatility work to one's advantage. Through a series of in-classroom presentations and interviews - with professors, entrepreneurs, executives, athletes, investors, and thought leaders from diverse fields and sectors - students will gain important knowledge and practical strategies, with course modules on topics such as ideation and innovation, the skill of self-advocacy, the fundamentals of negotiation, building and managing teams, and effective communication and storytelling. Additional modules will focus on biotechnology and deep tech start-up companies, as well as strategies for cultivating a successful academic career. The idea for this course emerged from the instructor's reflections on 30 years of research, teaching, mentorship, and deep entrepreneurial experiences spanning the gamut of approaches to translational science - academic discovery, invention, conceiving of and leading multi-institutional research centers, building research and business teams, launching and financing start-ups, building business models to advance real-world applications of cutting-edge science, and seeing through research-based companies to success (including growing an idea into a multi-billion dollar company). For this course, students will be expected to complete relevant reading assignments, participate actively in class dialogue, and complete regular writing assignments focused on course topics as they relate to ones own career-building needs and professional aspirations. Students may also have opportunities to lead class discussions on topics of interest.
Terms: Win | Units: 3

RAD 299: Directed Reading in Radiology

Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 1-18 | Repeatable for credit
Instructors: ; Bammer, R. (PI); Barnes, P. (PI); Barth, R. (PI); Beaulieu, C. (PI); Becker, C. (PI); Biswal, S. (PI); Blankenberg, F. (PI); Chan, F. (PI); Chaudhari, A. (PI); Cheng, Z. (PI); Chin, F. (PI); Dahl, J. (PI); Daldrup-Link, H. (PI); Daniel, B. (PI); Demirci, U. (PI); Desser, T. (PI); Do, H. (PI); Ennis, D. (PI); Federle, M. (PI); Fischbein, N. (PI); Fleischmann, D. (PI); Gayer, G. (PI); Ghanouni, P. (PI); Glover, G. (PI); Gold, G. (PI); Goris, M. (PI); Hargreaves, B. (PI); Herfkens, R. (PI); Hofmann, L. (PI); Hovsepian, D. (PI); Hwang, G. (PI); Iagaru, A. (PI); Ikeda, D. (PI); Jeffrey, R. (PI); KUO, W. (PI); Kamaya, A. (PI); Kane, P. (PI); Keeling, C. (PI); Kothary, N. (PI); Lachman, R. (PI); Langlotz, C. (PI); Larson, D. (PI); Lebowitz, E. (PI); Leung, A. (PI); Levin, C. (PI); Lipson, J. (PI); Loening, A. (PI); Louie, J. (PI); Lungren, M. (PI); Lutz, A. (PI); Mallick, P. (PI); Marks, M. (PI); Massoud, T. (PI); McNab, J. (PI); Moseley, M. (PI); Moskowitz, P. (PI); Napel, S. (PI); Newman, B. (PI); Nino-Murcia, M. (PI); Olcott, E. (PI); Paik, D. (PI); Pal, S. (PI); Paredes Castro, P. (PI); Paulmurugan, R. (PI); Pauly, K. (PI); Pelc, N. (PI); Pitteri, S. (PI); Plevritis, S. (PI); Quon, A. (PI); Rao, J. (PI); Riley, G. (PI); Rubesova, E. (PI); Rubin, D. (PI); Rusu, M. (PI); Rutt, B. (PI); Segall, G. (PI); Seidel, F. (PI); Shin, L. (PI); Soh, H. (PI); Spielman, D. (PI); Stevens, K. (PI); Stoyanova, T. (PI); Sze, D. (PI); Thakor, A. (PI); Van Dalsem, V. (PI); Vasanawala, S. (PI); Wang, A. (PI); Wintermark, M. (PI); Wu, J. (PI); Yao, D. (PI); Yeom, K. (PI); Zaharchuk, G. (PI); Zeineh, M. (PI)

RAD 301A: Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Clerkship

VISITING: Open to visitors. TYPE OF CLERKSHIP: Selective 1. DESCRIPTION: This is the core radiology clerkship designed for students going into any medical specialty, including radiology. The four-week course includes didactic and case-based sessions as well as observation in subspecialty radiology reading rooms (considering student preferences for subspecialty). Students will learn the pros and cons of various imaging modalities and will gain an appreciation for radiation risks and the benefits and risks of radiographic contrast materials and nuclear medicine tracers. Emphasis is placed on fundamentals of clinical applications and interpretation for radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine studies. Students are taught primarily by radiology faculty, with emphasis on interactive sessions including neurological, cardiothoracic, breast, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, pediatric, and nuclear medicine imaging. Students participate in case-based reviews with radiology residents based on interesting cases they have seen in the reading rooms or other rotations. Interested students may have an option to actively participate by dictating basic clinical cases, similar to radiology trainees. Extensive online learning materials including videos of didactic sessions are made available. Two quizzes are administered during the course and must be passed to receive course credit. During the COVID-19 pandemic, sessions have been either virtual or (preferably) in person, as guided by School of Medicine guidelines at the time. PREREQUISITES: Medicine 300A, Pediatrics 300A, or Surgery 300A strongly advised. Visiting students wishing to do this clerkship must receive prior approval from the Clerkship Coordinator before applying. PERIODS AVAILABLE: 4, 5, 8, 9, full-time for 4 weeks, 22 students per period. CLERKSHIP DIRECTOR: Christopher Beaulieu, M.D., Ph.D. and Bryan Lanzman, M.D. CLERKSHIP COORDINATOR: Sergio Sousa, 650-724-7518, smsousa@stanford.edu. REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS: Where: Instructions on Canvas; Time: Check schedule in Canvas. CALL CODE: 0. OTHER FACULTY: Radiology faculty, fellows, and residents. LOCATION: SUMC.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr | Units: 6

RAD 302A: Nuclear Medicine Clerkship

VISITING: Open to visitors. TYPE OF CLERKSHIP: Elective. DESCRIPTION: Acquaints students with the basic principles of nuclear medicine, the instrumentation used (including SPECT-CT, PET-CT, and PET-MRI), the gamut of procedures available, and the judgments used to select specific diagnostic or therapeutic procedures and interpret results. The experience should be especially helpful for students planning a career in diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine, cardiology, endocrinology, urology, or oncology. The student experience includes instruction in radiologic physics, instrumentation, responsibility for selected isotopic procedures, daily teaching rounds for review of all cases studies, observation of theragnostic patient visits and therapeutic administration and special conferences. Please note: Visiting students must obtain approval from the Department prior to applying for this clerkship. Please email requests to Ann Vo (annvo@stanford.edu). PREREQUISITES: Medicine 300A. PERIODS AVAILABLE: 1-12, full-time for 4 weeks, 1 student per period. CLERKSHIP DIRECTOR: Benjamin Franc, M.D. and Jagruti Shah, MBBS. CLERKSHIP COORDINATOR: Ann Vo, annvo@stanford.edu. REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS: Where: Nuclear Medicine Clinic, Second Floor, C21; Time: 8:30 am. CALL CODE: 0. OTHER FACULTY: C. Aparici, G. Davidzon, B. Franc, F. Moradi. LOCATION: SUMC.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 6

RAD 303A: Specialty Clerkship in Diagnostic Radiology

VISITING: Open to visitors. TYPE OF CLERKSHIP: Elective. DESCRIPTION: Provides subspecialty radiology reading room experience for students considering a career in radiology or other specialties. Students work alongside residents, fellows, and faculty to actively interpret and communicate diagnostic radiology studies. Up to 12 students can be accommodated per session, with a maximum of two students on each subspecialty service at a time. Typically, students spend two weeks in each of two subspecialties. (Subspecialty rotations and interventional radiology are listed elsewhere in the course catalog.) For Rad 303A, subspecialty rotations include: Chest (primarily ICU radiographs and CT), Cardiovascular (inpatient and outpatient CT and MRI), Abdominal CT (primarily inpatient and emergency), Abdominal US (primarily inpatient and emergency), GI Fluoroscopy, Musculoskeletal (primarily radiography), Body MRI, and Breast Imaging. Similar rotations are also possible at the Palo Alto Veterans Administration Medical Center. PREREQUISITES: Visiting students wishing to do this clerkship must receive prior approval from the Clerkship Coordinator before applying. Stanford students are asked to inform the clerkship coordinator of enrollment for coordination with subspecialty services. PERIODS AVAILABLE: 2-12, full-time for 2 weeks or 4 weeks, 12 students per period. CLERKSHIP DIRECTOR: Christopher Beaulieu, M.D., Ph.D. CLERKSHIP COORDINATOR: Sergio Sousa, 650-724-7518, smsousa@stanford.edu. REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS: Where: TBA (email 4 weeks prior); Time: TBA. CALL CODE: 0. OTHER FACULTY: Staff. LOCATION: SUMC.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 3-6

RAD 304A: Pediatric Radiology Clerkship

VISITING: Open to visitors. TYPE OF CLERKSHIP: Elective. DESCRIPTION: Our clerkship is designed to give you an overview of the exciting field of pediatric radiology. The rotation includes a comprehensive curriculum including a wealth of didactic and clinical conferences, directed reading assignments, interactive online teaching modules, and image interpretation with our outstanding pediatric radiology faculty. You will be exposed to all radiologic imaging modalities including MRI, CT, ultrasound, fluoroscopy, and plain radiography and will have the unique opportunity to participate in perinatal imaging including prenatal ultrasound and fetal MRI. If time allows, additional exposure to Nuclear Medicine, Interventional Radiology, and Neuroradiology is available. Students will be expected to give a short presentation of an interesting imaging case to faculty and fellows at the end of their rotation. Visiting students wishing to do this clerkship must receive prior approval from Clerkship Coordinator before applying. PREREQUISITES: Radiology 301A or a similar general radiology clerkship or consent of instructor. PERIODS AVAILABLE: 2-12, full-time for 2 or 4 weeks, 2 students per period. CLERKSHIP DIRECTOR: Jayne Seekins, D.O. CLERKSHIP COORDINATOR: Sergio Sousa, 650-724-7518, smsousa@stanford.edu. REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS: Where: LPCH (Radiology Dept. Secretary); Time: 8:30 am. CALL CODE: 0. OTHER FACULTY: R. Barth, F. Blankenberg, F. Chan, H. Dahmoush, H. Daldrup-Link, D. Durand, P. Jayapal, S. Josephs, D. Larson, E. Lebowitz, H. Nadel, B. Newman, V. Rooks, E. Rubesova, J. Sandberg, J. Seekins, A. Syed, A. Thakor, E. Tong, S. Vasanawala, K. Yeom, V. Young. LOCATION: LPCH.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 3-6

RAD 304W: Pediatric Radiology Clerkship (Away)

Away clerkship.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 3-6 | Repeatable for credit

RAD 305A: Interventional Radiology Clerkship

VISITING: Open to visitors. TYPE OF CLERKSHIP: Elective. DESCRIPTION: Interventional radiology (IR) has become integral to the practice of modern medicine. In 2013, the American Board of Medical Specialties recognized IR as a primary specialty distinct from diagnostic radiology. This 2- or 4-week elective introduces medical students to image-guided, minimally invasive vascular and nonvascular interventions and is appropriate for students considering residency training in IR as well as those interested in learning more about the field in general. Students will be exposed to a broad range of IR procedures, including interventional oncology, peripheral vascular (venous and arterial), genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and portal interventions. Students are encouraged to take part in the full spectrum of IR procedures. Our service functions like a surgical subspecialty and students are expected to be an integral part of the IR team and actively participate in the pre-procedure evaluation and post-procedure care of our patients. Students may attend various departmental and interdepartmental conferences. Interested students are encouraged to give a short presentation on an interesting case at the end of the rotation. Note: Visiting students interested in rotating through this clerkship must receive prior approval from the Clerkship Coordinator before applying. PREREQUISITES: Surgery 300A, Medicine 300A and Radiology 301A are recommended but not required. PERIODS AVAILABLE: 2-12, full-time for 2 weeks or 4 weeks, 3 students per period. CLERKSHIP DIRECTOR: Andrew Kesselman, M.D. CLERKSHIP COORDINATOR: Sergio Sousa, 650-724-7518, smsousa@stanford.edu; Maresela Ramos, marramos@stanford.edu. REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS: Where: TBA (email 2 weeks prior); Time: TBA; CALL CODE: 2 (voluntary). OTHER FACULTY: L. Hofmann, D. Hovsepian, G. Hwang, N. Kothary, W. Kuo, J. Louie, A. Picel, D. Sze, A. Vezeridis, D. Wang. LOCATION: SUMC.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 3-6

RAD 306A: Neuroradiology Clerkship

VISITING: Open to visitors.TYPE OF CLERKSHIP: Elective. DESCRIPTION: Our clerkship provides students with further exposure to basic and advanced neuroimaging of the brain, spine, and head and neck. The curriculum will be tailored to the specific interests of the student incorporating participation in real-time read-out and consultations with our residents, fellows, physician colleagues, and Neuroradiology faculty, didactic and clinical conferences (e.g. weekly interesting case conference and tumor board). Students will learn the utility of CT and MRI in diagnosing and treating diseases of the central nervous system and head and neck in both the pediatric and adult populations and will also have the unique opportunity to participate in fluoroscopy-guided lumbar punctures for CSF collection, intrathecal chemotherapy administration, and myelograms. Students are expected to give a short presentation of a case of their choice to fellows and/or faculty at the end of the clerkship rotation. PREREQUISITES: Visiting students wishing to do this clerkship must receive prior approval from the clerkship coordinator before applying. Stanford students are asked to inform the clerkship coordinator of enrollment. Once enrollment is confirmed, students are asked to email the course co-directors, Bryan Lanzman at bryan3@stanford.edu and Shweta Kumar at shwetak1@stanford.edu, for further details. PERIODS AVAILABLE: 2-12, full time for 2 weeks or 4 weeks, 2 students per period. CLERKSHIP DIRECTOR: Bryan Lanzman, M.D. and Shweta Kumar, M.D. CLERKSHIP COORDINATOR: Sergio Sousa, 650-724-7518, smsousa@stanford.edu. REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS: Where: TBD, coordinate with Dr. Lanzman and Dr. Kumar prior to start; Time: 9:00 am. CALL CODE: 0. OTHER FACULTY: Neuroradiology faculty. LOCATION: SUMC, LPCH.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 3-6

RAD 370: Medical Scholars Research

Provides an opportunity for student and faculty interaction, as well as academic credit and financial support, to medical students who undertake original research. Enrollment is limited to students with approved projects.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 4-18 | Repeatable for credit
Instructors: ; Airan, R. (PI); Atlas, S. (PI); Bammer, R. (PI); Barnes, P. (PI); Barth, R. (PI); Bazalova, M. (PI); Beaulieu, C. (PI); Becker, C. (PI); Biswal, S. (PI); Blankenberg, F. (PI); Chan, F. (PI); Cheng, Z. (PI); Chin, F. (PI); Dahl, J. (PI); Daldrup-Link, H. (PI); Daniel, B. (PI); Demirci, U. (PI); Desser, T. (PI); Do, H. (PI); Fahrig, R. (PI); Federle, M. (PI); Fischbein, N. (PI); Fleischmann, D. (PI); Gayer, G. (PI); Ghanouni, P. (PI); Glover, G. (PI); Gold, G. (PI); Goris, M. (PI); Guccione, S. (PI); Hargreaves, B. (PI); Herfkens, R. (PI); Hofmann, L. (PI); Hovsepian, D. (PI); Hwang, G. (PI); Iagaru, A. (PI); Ikeda, D. (PI); Iv, M. (PI); Jackman, R. (PI); Jaramillo, D. (PI); Jeffrey, R. (PI); KUO, W. (PI); Kamaya, A. (PI); Kane, P. (PI); Kao, J. (PI); Keeling, C. (PI); Kothary, N. (PI); Lachman, R. (PI); Langlotz, C. (PI); Larson, D. (PI); Lebowitz, E. (PI); Leung, A. (PI); Levin, C. (PI); Lipson, J. (PI); Loening, A. (PI); Louie, J. (PI); Lungren, M. (PI); Lutz, A. (PI); MacKenzie, J. (PI); Mallick, P. (PI); Marks, M. (PI); Massoud, T. (PI); McNab, J. (PI); Mittra, E. (PI); Moseley, M. (PI); Moskowitz, P. (PI); Napel, S. (PI); Newman, B. (PI); Nino-Murcia, M. (PI); Olcott, E. (PI); Paik, D. (PI); Pal, S. (PI); Paulmurugan, R. (PI); Pauly, K. (PI); Pelc, N. (PI); Pitteri, S. (PI); Plevritis, S. (PI); Quon, A. (PI); Rao, J. (PI); Riley, G. (PI); Roos, J. (PI); Rubesova, E. (PI); Rubin, D. (PI); Rubin, G. (PI); Rutt, B. (PI); Segall, G. (PI); Seidel, F. (PI); Shah, R. (PI); Shin, L. (PI); Soh, H. (PI); Spielman, D. (PI); Stevens, K. (PI); Stoyanova, T. (PI); Sze, D. (PI); Thakor, A. (PI); Van Dalsem, V. (PI); Vasanawala, S. (PI); Wintermark, M. (PI); Wu, J. (PI); Yao, D. (PI); Yeom, K. (PI); Zaharchuk, G. (PI); Zeineh, M. (PI)

RAD 398A: Clinical Elective in Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine

VISITING: Closed to visitors. TYPE OF CLERKSHIP: Elective. DESCRIPTION: Provides an opportunity for a student in the clinical years to have a clinical experience in Diagnostic Radiology or Nuclear Medicine, of a quality and duration to be decided upon by the student and a faculty preceptor in the Department. The student must make individual arrangements with a faculty member in Diagnostic Radiology or Nuclear Medicine. Please note: Students cannot add 398A clerkships directly to their fishbowl schedules through the regular shuffles. Please contact Caroline Cheang in the Office of Medical Student Affairs at cheang@stanford.edu or 650-498-7619 with the faculty preceptor's name and email address to add this clerkship. PREREQUISITES: None for Diagnostic Radiology; Medicine 300A for Nuclear Medicine. Consent of the designated faculty preceptor and approval by Advisor. PERIODS AVAILABLE: 1-12. CLERKSHIP DIRECTOR: Christopher Beaulieu, M.D., Ph.D. CLERKSHIP COORDINATOR: Sergio Sousa, 650-724-7518, smsousa@stanford.edu. REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS: Where: TBA (designated faculty preceptor); Time: TBA. CALL CODE: 2 (varies with preceptor). OTHER FACULTY: Staff. LOCATION: SUMC, LPCH.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 1-6 | Repeatable 3 times (up to 18 units total)

RAD 399: Graduate Research

Students undertake investigations sponsored by individual faculty members. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr, Sum | Units: 1-18 | Repeatable for credit
Instructors: ; Bammer, R. (PI); Barnes, P. (PI); Barth, R. (PI); Beaulieu, C. (PI); Becker, C. (PI); Biswal, S. (PI); Blankenberg, F. (PI); Chan, F. (PI); Chaudhari, A. (PI); Cheng, Z. (PI); Dahl, J. (PI); Daldrup-Link, H. (PI); Daniel, B. (PI); Demirci, U. (PI); Desser, T. (PI); Do, H. (PI); Durmus, G. (PI); Ennis, D. (PI); Federle, M. (PI); Fischbein, N. (PI); Fleischmann, D. (PI); Ghanouni, P. (PI); Glover, G. (PI); Gold, G. (PI); Goris, M. (PI); Hargreaves, B. (PI); Herfkens, R. (PI); Hofmann, L. (PI); Hovsepian, D. (PI); Hwang, G. (PI); Iagaru, A. (PI); Ikeda, D. (PI); James, M. (PI); Jeffrey, R. (PI); KUO, W. (PI); Kamaya, A. (PI); Kane, P. (PI); Keeling, C. (PI); Kogan, F. (PI); Kothary, N. (PI); Lachman, R. (PI); Langlotz, C. (PI); Larson, D. (PI); Lebowitz, E. (PI); Leung, A. (PI); Levin, C. (PI); Lipson, J. (PI); Loening, A. (PI); Louie, J. (PI); Lungren, M. (PI); Lutz, A. (PI); Mallick, P. (PI); Marks, M. (PI); Massoud, T. (PI); McNab, J. (PI); Moseley, M. (PI); Moskowitz, P. (PI); Napel, S. (PI); Newman, B. (PI); Nino-Murcia, M. (PI); Olcott, E. (PI); Paik, D. (PI); Pal, S. (PI); Paulmurugan, R. (PI); Pauly, K. (PI); Pelc, N. (PI); Pitteri, S. (PI); Plevritis, S. (PI); Quon, A. (PI); Rao, J. (PI); Riley, G. (PI); Rubesova, E. (PI); Rubin, D. (PI); Rusu, M. (PI); Rutt, B. (PI); Segall, G. (PI); Seidel, F. (PI); Setsompop, K. (PI); Shin, L. (PI); Soh, H. (PI); Spielman, D. (PI); Stevens, K. (PI); Stoyanova, T. (PI); Sze, D. (PI); Thakor, A. (PI); Van Dalsem, V. (PI); Vasanawala, S. (PI); Wang, A. (PI); Wu, J. (PI); Yao, D. (PI); Yeom, K. (PI); Zaharchuk, G. (PI); Zeineh, M. (PI)
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