Results for CHEM

10 weekly one-on-one conversations with Nobel Laureates and MacArthur fellows, talking about their life story, how they got to their ideas, what they discovered, how the world is a better place as a result, what advice they have for students and young researchers, etc. Readings related to guest research will be assigned. Open to undergraduate and graduate students.

Development and practice of critical problem solving and study skills using a wide variety of scientific examples that illustrate the broad yet integrated nature of current research. Students will build a problem solving tool-kit and apply chemical and mathematical concepts to solve problems related to energy, climate change, water resources, medicine, and food & nutrition. Note: course offered in August prior to start of fall quarter, and only Leland Scholar Program participants will register.

Chemistry is a central science that provides critical knowledge for many majors. Chem11 is intended as an on-ramp into STEM and the Chem31A/B sequence for students with minimal background in chemistry. Content will focus on the mastery of foundational skills that are only briefly reviewed in Chem31A including unit conversions, dimensional analysis, writing and balancing different types of chemical reactions, and stoichiometry. Lectures will provide active individual and group practice with critical problem solving and study skills necessary for success in college STEM courses. The course will also incorporate mentor groups that will support and travel with students into Chem31A the following year. Prerequisites: Math 18; Placement through the Autumn 2023 General Chemistry Placement Test. Please contact the instructor (Dr. Schwartz Poehlmann, jks425 at stanford.edu) if you have any questions about appropriate course placement.

Seeing is believing! This seminar course will introduce breakthrough imaging technologies from super resolution fluorescence microscopes for imaging single molecules in living cells to tomography imaging for visualizing the happenings deep inside our bodies. You will learn about their applications in probing physiology, biology and biochemistry for biological research and medical diagnosis. You will have the opportunity to tour an imaging facility and perform hands-on laboratory imaging.

This course examines the chemistry relevant to food and drink preparation, both in homes and in restaurants, which makes what we consume more pleasurable. Good cooking is more often considered an art rather than a science, but a small bit of understanding goes a long way to make the preparation and consumption of food and drink more enjoyable. The intention is to have demonstrations and tastings as a part of every class meeting. We will examine some rather familiar items in this course: eggs, dairy products, meats, breads, vegetables, pastries, and carbonated beverages. We shall playfully explore the chemistry that turns food into meals. A high-school chemistry background is assumed; bring to class a good appetite and a healthy curiosity.

31A is the first course in a two-quarter sequence designed to provide a robust foundation in key chemical principles for students with a basic background in high school chemistry, who have already placed into Math 19 or higher. The course engages students in group problem-solving activities throughout the class periods to deepen their ability to analyze and solve chemical problems. Students will also participate in a weekly laboratory activity that will immediately apply and expand upon classroom content. Labs and write-ups provide practice developing conceptual models that can explain qualitatively and quantitatively a wide range of chemical phenomena. The course will introduce a common language of dimensional analysis, stoichiometry, and molecular naming that enables students to write chemical reactions, quantify reaction yield, and calculate empirical and molecular formulas. Stoichiometry will be immediately reinforced through a specific study of gases and their properties. Students will also build a fundamental understanding of atomic and molecular structure by identifying interactions among nuclei, electrons, atoms and molecules. Through both lab and in-class exploration, students will learn to explain how these interactions determine the structures and properties of pure substances and mixtures using various bonding models including Lewis Dot, VSEPR, and Molecular Orbital Theory. Students will identify and quantitate the types and amounts of energy changes that accompany these interactions, phase changes, and chemical reactions, as they prepare to explore chemical dynamics in greater depth in 31B. Special emphasis will be placed on applying content and skills to real world applications such as estimating the carbon efficiency of fossil fuels, understanding hydrogen bonding and other interactions critical to DNA, and calculating the pressure exerted on a deep-sea diver. Prerequisites: Math 18 and Chem11 or placement into Chem31A with Autumn General Chemistry Placement test. All students who are interested in taking general chemistry at Stanford must take the General Chemistry Placement Test before the Autumn quarter begins, regardless of chemistry background, to enroll.

Chem 31B is the second course in this two-quarter sequence, therefore only students who have completed Chem 31A may enroll in 31B. As with 31A, students will continue to engage in group problem-solving activities throughout class and participate in weekly laboratory activities. Labs and write-ups will allow students to more deeply explore and observe the different facets of chemical reactivity, including rates (kinetics), energetics (thermodynamics), and reversibility (equilibrium) of reactions. Through experimentation and discussion, students will determine what forces influence the rate of chemical reactions and learn how this can be applied to enzyme reactivity. Students will quantify chemical concentrations during a reaction, and predict the direction in which a reaction will shift in order to achieve equilibrium, including solubility equilibria. They will use these methods to estimate the possible levels of lead and other toxic metals in drinking water. Special emphasis will be placed on acid/base equilibria , allowing students to explore the role of buffers and antacids in our bodies, as well as ocean acidification and the impact on coral reefs. Students will then bring together concepts from both kinetics and equilibrium, in a deeper discussion of thermodynamics, to understand what ultimately influences the spontaneity of a reaction. Students will build a relationship between free energy, temperature, and equilibrium constants to be able to calculate the free energy of a reaction and understand how processes in our body are coupled to harness excess free energy to do useful work. Finally we will explore how we harness work from redox reactions, building both voltaic cells (i.e. batteries) and electrolytic cells in lab, and using reduction potentials to predict spontaneity and potential of a given reaction. We will look at the applications of redox chemistry in electric and fuel cell vehicles. The course's particular emphasis on understanding the driving forces of a reaction, especially the influence of thermodynamics versus kinetics, will prepare students for further study of predicting organic chemical reactivity and equilibria from structure in Chem 33. Prerequisite: Chem 31A.

A one-quarter course for students who have taken chemistry previously. This course will introduce the basic chemical principles that dictate how and why reactions occur and the structure and properties of important molecules and extended solids that make up our world. As the Central Science, a knowledge of chemistry provides a deep understanding of concepts in fields ranging from materials, environmental science, and engineering to pharmacology and metabolism. Discussions of molecular structure will describe bonding models including Lewis structures, resonance, crystal-field theory, and molecular-orbital theory. We will reveal the chemistry of materials of different dimensionality, with an emphasis on bonding, and electronic structure of molecules and solids. We will also discuss the kinetics and thermodynamics that govern reactivity and dictate solubility and acid-base equilibria. A two-hour weekly laboratory section accompanies the course to introduce laboratory techniques and reiterate lecture concepts through hands-on activities. Specific discussions will include the structure, properties, and applications of molecules used in medicine, perovskites used in solar cells, and the dramatically different properties of materials with the same composition (for example: diamond, graphite, graphene). There will be three lectures and one two-hour laboratory session each week. The course will assume familiarity with stoichiometry, unit conversions, gas laws, and thermochemistry. All students who are interested in taking general chemistry at Stanford must take the Autumn 2021 General Chemistry Placement Test before the Autumn quarter begins, regardless of chemistry background. Same as: MATSCI 31

STEMentors in Chemistry has been designed to provide timely support for students in CHEM 31A with study and problem-solving skills applicable in both chemistry and STEM courses in general. Students will join a small cohort of other CHEM31A students looking to build community with and support other students in STEM. Weekly sections will focus on group activities and individual check-ins facilitated by a peer mentor who has previously taken the CHEM 31A/B sequence. These activities are designed to normalize challenging experiences within a college science course, build key study skills such as how to effectively review lecture notes and practice problems, prepare for and reflect on exams, and develop a consistent problem-solving process that will build student confidence over the quarter. Students should enroll in a weekly mentor section, occurring on Thursdays. You can read more about our individual mentors here:https://chemistrystementors.sites.stanford.edu/people-0. Co-Requisite: CHEM 31A

An introduction to organic chemistry, the molecular foundation to understanding the life sciences, medicine, diagnostics, energy, environmental and materials sciences. Students will learn structural and bonding models of organic molecules that provide insights into reactivity. Combining these models with kinetic and thermodynamic analyses allows molecular transformations to be rationalized and even predicted. The course builds on this knowledge to begin to introduce organic reactions that can be applied to synthesis of novel molecules or materials that can positively impact society. A two-hour weekly lab section accompanies the course to introduce the techniques of separation and identification of organic compounds.

Undergraduates pursue a reading program under supervision of a faculty member in Chemistry; may also involve participation in lab. Prerequisites: superior work in CHEM 31A, 31B, 31M, or 33; and consent of instructor.

Preference to freshmen and sophomores. Department faculty describe their cutting-edge research and its applications.

Ever wondered how chemistry weaves its magic into every fiber of our existence? Why does mint taste cool? What's the chemistry behind your favorite skincare product? How do molecules shape the taste of your food, or even, the feelings of love? Each week, we'll explore such fascinating questions with the guidance of expert speakers from diverse fields such as gastronomy, environmental science, aerospace engineering, medicine, and pharmaceuticals. They'll share the chemistry secrets that drive their respective industries, turning abstract chemical principles into tangible, real-world phenomena. This seminar course will bring chemistry out of the textbooks and into the real world, demonstrating its integral role in everyday life and industries. Join us to unravel the mysteries of the universe one molecule at a time and gain insights into potential careers in chemistry through engagement with industry professionals. Strap on your lab goggles and join us for an adventure into the invisible, yet extraordinary world of chemistry. Are you ready to dive in?

Students enrolled in this course will appreciate the transformative power of molecular science on the modern world and how foundational knowledge of chemistry enables profound discoveries in biological, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, engineering, energy, and materials science research. This course integrates the lessons of CHEM 31 and CHEM 33 through an examination of the structure-function properties of carbon-based molecules. Specific emphasis is given to the chemistry of carbonyl- and amine-derived compounds, polyfunctionalized molecules, reaction kinetics and thermodynamics, mechanistic arrow-pushing, and retrosynthetic analysis. Students will be empowered with a conceptual understanding of chemical reactivity, physical organic chemistry, and the logic of chemical synthesis. The singular nature of molecular design and synthesis to make available functional molecules and materials will be revealed. A three-hour lab section provides hands on experience with modern chemical methods for preparative and analytical chemistry. Prerequisite CHEM 33 or co-requisite CHEM 100.

Analysis of molecular symmetry and spectroscopy, aromaticity, aromatic reactivity, heterocyclic chemistry, chemistry of peptides and DNA. Prerequisite: CHEM 121

This is a laboratory course that serves as a stepping stone toward independent research in organic chemistry. Through several 1-2 step syntheses, this course trains students on basic organic laboratory techniques on purification of products, including extraction, distillation, recrystallization, thin layer chromatography, and column chromatography, as well as characterization of product structures using IR, GC-MS, and NMR spectroscopy. This course reviews MS, IR, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy knowledge from Chem 33 and 121 with an emphasis on the practical interpretation of spectra, so that students can become independent in using these techniques to identify the purity and structures of organic compounds.Prerequisite: Chem 121. Corequisite: Chem 123.

This is a laboratory course that will provide a true experience of what it is like to perform research in synthetic organic chemistry. Emphasis will be on proper reaction setup, reaction monitoring, and complete characterization of final products using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Students will be utilizing modern electronic notebooks to prepare for and document their experiments. Concludes with an individual synthesis project. Prerequisites: Chem 124.

The core objectives of the course will focus upon introducing and providing hands-on practice with analytical separation, spectroscopic identification, and calibrated quantification with strong technical communication (for the Writing-in-the-Major requirement) emphasized throughout the course. Lectures will focus on theory, and laboratory activities will provide hands-on practice with the GC, LC, XPS, ICP, MS, and UV/Vis instruments. Data analysis will be emphasized throughout the course with Python being the primary tool for plotting and computations. Statistical measurements will be introduced to gauge the quality and validity of data. Lectures will be three times a week with a required four-hour laboratory section. The course should be completed prior to CHEM courses 174,176, or 184. Prerequisite: CHEM 33 or CHEM 100; and CS 106A.

This is the first course in a two-quarter sequence (Chem 141/143), which will examine biological science through the lens of chemistry. In this sequence students will gain a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the molecular logic of cellular processes, which include expression and transmission of the genetic code, enzyme kinetics, biosynthesis, energy storage and consumption, membrane transport, and signal transduction. Connections to foundational principles of chemistry will be made through structure-function analyses of biological molecules. Integrated lessons in structural, mechanistic, and physical chemistry will underscore how molecular science and molecular innovation have impacted biology and medicine. Prerequisites: CHEM 121 (hard-coded).

This is the second course in a two-quarter sequence (Chem 141/143), which will continue the discussion of biological science through the lens of chemistry. In this sequence students will gain a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the molecular logic of cellular processes, which include expression and transmission of the genetic code, enzyme kinetics, biosynthesis, energy storage and consumption, membrane transport, and signal transduction. Connections to foundational principles of chemistry will be made through structure-function analyses of biological molecules. Integrated lessons in structural, mechanistic, and physical chemistry will underscore how molecular science and molecular innovation have impacted biology and medicine. Prerequisite: Chem 141.

Bonding, stereochemical, and symmetry properties of discrete inorganic molecules are covered along with their mechanisms of ligand and electron exchange. Density function calculations are extensively used in these analyses in computer and problem set exercises. Prerequisites: CHEM 33

Learn how basic concepts in inorganic chemistry can be applied to materials of all dimensionalities. Specific topics will include: symmetry (group theory), bonding models (crystal field theory, valence bond theory, molecular orbital theory, and the Bloch theorem) and electronic structure, and properties/reactivity of molecules and extended solids. Prerequisites: CHEM 151 and either CHEM 173 or CHEM 171 for students who took CHEM 171 in Spring 2021 or later.

Introduction to computational chemistry methods and tools that can be used to interpret and guide experimental research. Project based and hands-on experience with electronic structure calculations, obtaining minimum energy structures and reaction pathways, molecular simulation and modeling. Prerequisite: knowledge of undergraduate level quantum mechanics at the level of CHEM 171.

Quantum and statistical thermodynamics: obtaining quantum mechanical energy levels and connecting them to thermodynamic properties using statistical mechanics. Emphasis will be on quantum mechanics of ideal systems (particle in a box, particle on a ring, harmonic oscillator, rigid rotor, and hydrogen atom) and their connection to and uses in thermodynamics (laws of thermodynamics, properties of gases and thermal motion, and chemical equilibria). Homeworks and discussion sections will employ the Python programming language for hands-on experience with simulating chemical systems. Prerequisites: CHEM 31B or CHEM 31M; PHYS 41; CS106A; and MATH 51, MATH 61CM, MATH 61DM or CME 100.

Introduction to quantum chemistry: the basic principles and applications of quantum theory, Dirac notation, momentum of a free particle and wave packets, the uncertainty principle, time independent and time dependent perturbation theory, harmonic oscillator in molecules and solids, absorption and emission spectroscopy, the variational method, atomic energy calculations, and introduction to basic computational chemistry methods. Prerequisites: CHEM 171; PHYSICS 43.

Introduction to modern electrochemical measurement in a hands-on, laboratory setting. Students will assemble simple electrochemical cells and build simple circuits to digitize the data they collect. Students will work with reference, working, and counter electrodes with macro, micro and ultramicro geometries, salt bridges, ion-selective membranes, electrometers, and potentiostats. Prerequisites: CHEM 171 or equivalent.

Molecular theory of kinetics and statistical mechanics: transport and reactions in gases and liquids, ensembles and the Boltzmann distribution law, partition functions, molecular simulation, structure and dynamics of liquids. Diffusion and activation limited reactions, potential energy surfaces, collision theory and transition-state theory. Prerequisites: either CHEM 173 or CHEM 171.

Use of spectroscopic instrumentation to obtain familiarity with important types of spectrometers and spectroscopic methods and to apply them to study molecular properties and time dependent processes. Methods include electronic ultraviolet/ visible absorption, fast fluorescence with time correlated single photon counting, Raman and fluorescence microscopy, Fourier transform infrared absorption, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Prerequisite: CHEM 131; CHEM 173 or CHEM 171 for students who took CHEM 171 in Spring 2021 or later.

Structure and function of major classes of biomolecules, including proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Mechanistic analysis of properties of proteins including catalysis, signal transduction and membrane transport. Students will also learn to critically analyze data from the primary biochemical literature. Satisfies Central Menu Area 1 for Bio majors. Prerequisites: Chem 121.

Focus on metabolic biochemistry: the study of chemical reactions that provide the cell with the energy and raw materials necessary for life. Topics include glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the metabolism of glycogen, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides as well as the macromolecular machines that synthesize RNA, DNA, and proteins. Medical relevance is emphasized throughout. Satisfies Central Menu Area 1 for Bio majors. Prerequisite: CHEM 181 or CHEM 141 or CHEMENG 181/281.

Modern techniques in biological chemistry including protein purification, characterization of enzyme kinetics, heterologous expression of His-tagged fluorescent proteins, site-directed mutagenesis, and a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) module. Prerequisite: CHEM 131 and CHEM 181.

Primary literature based seminar/discussion course covering classical and contemporary papers in biophysical chemistry. Topics include (among others): protein structure and stability, folding, single molecule fluorescence and force microscopy, simulations, ion channels, GPCRs, and ribosome structure/function. Course is restricted to undergraduates and is the required capstone for majors on the Biological Chemistry track, but open to students from the regular track. Prerequisites: CHEM 181; CHEM 171.

By special arrangement with a faculty member. May be repeated 8 times for a max of 27 units. Prerequisite: CHEM 121 or CHEM 131. Corequisite: CHEM 300.

Open to seniors and graduate students interested in the creation of new ventures and entrepreneurship in engineering and science intensive industries such as chemical, energy, materials, bioengineering, environmental, clean-tech, pharmaceuticals, medical, and biotechnology. Exploration of the dynamics, complexity, and challenges that define creating new ventures, particularly in industries that require long development times, large investments, integration across a wide range of technical and non-technical disciplines, and the creation and protection of intellectual property. Covers business basics, opportunity viability, creating start-ups, entrepreneurial leadership, and entrepreneurship as a career. Teaching methods include lectures, case studies, guest speakers, and individual and team projects.

Qualified graduate students undertake research or advanced lab work not covered by listed courses under the direction of a member of the teaching staff.

Required of all second year Ph.D. students. Students present their research progress and plans in brief written and oral summaries.

Required of all third year Ph.D. students. Students present their research project as a seminar.

Required of all fourth year Ph.D. students. Students formulate, write, and orally defend an original research proposal.

From molecular medicine to molecular anthropology and all sciences in between, Chemistry in particular and molecular science in general are driven by one's understanding of structure and how structure relates to properties, reactivities (mechanisms) and activities and by ones ability to make molecules. This course integrates the mechanistic and structural foundations of organic chemistry with an emphasis on reactive intermediates and reaction mechanisms, strategies for the design and synthesis of complex molecules and concepts for innovative problem solving. An additional emphasis is placed on generating ideas and proposals directed at identifying and solving problems in science as required for a career in molecular science.

Physical Organic Chemistry. This course is focused on understanding the important physical principles in organic chemistry, including bonding and structural analysis; molecular interactions; thermodynamics; kinetics; methods to investigate reactive intermediates, reactivity, and elucidate reaction mechanisms. Prerequisite: Chem 123 (formerly 131).

Natural product total synthesis. This is a course in complex small molecule synthesis with an emphasis on synthetic strategy, reaction mechanism, and named reactions. We will focus on both classical and modern approaches to important alkaloids, terpenes, and polyketides, and we will often compare multiple approaches to the same target. By the end of the course, students should be able to draw qualitative reaction mechanisms for discussed synthetic transformations and exhibit some skills in synthesis planning. All required readings for this course will be from the primary literature.

(Formerly 235) The uses of NMR spectroscopy in chemical and biochemical sciences, emphasizing data acquisition for liquid samples and including selection, setup, and processing of standard and advanced experiments.

Learn how basic concepts in inorganic chemistry can be applied to materials of all dimensionalities. Specific topics will include: symmetry (group theory), bonding models (crystal field theory, valence bond theory, molecular orbital theory, and the Bloch theorem) and electronic structure, and properties/reactivity of molecules and extended solids. Prerequisites: CHEM 151 and either CHEM 173 or CHEM 171 for students who took CHEM 171 in Spring 2021 or later.

Chemical reactions of organotransition metal complexes and their role in homogeneous catalysis. Analogous patterns among reactions of transition metal complexes in lower oxidation states. Physical methods of structure determination. Prerequisite: one year of physical chemistry.

(Formerly Chem 297) Overview of metal sites in biology. Metalloproteins as elaborated inorganic complexes, their basic coordination chemistry and bonding, unique features of the protein ligand, and the physical methods used to study active sites. Active site structures are correlated with function (election transfer; dioxygen binding, activation and reduction to water). Prerequisites: Chem 153 and Chem 173, or equivalents.

Required of all second-, third-, and fourth-year Ph.D. candidates in inorganic chemistry. Students present their research progress in written and oral forms (A); present a seminar in the literature of the field of research (B); and formulate, write, and orally defend a research proposal (C). Second-year students register for A; third-year students register for B; fourth-year students register for C.

Introduction to computational chemistry methods and tools that can be used to interpret and guide experimental research. Project based and hands-on experience with electronic structure calculations, obtaining minimum energy structures and reaction pathways, molecular simulation and modeling. Prerequisite: knowledge of undergraduate level quantum mechanics at the level of CHEM 171.

Introduction to machine learning methodologies for the chemical sciences, with an emphasis on the current state-of-the-art for applications to both experimental and computational data. The course will be hands-on and final projects will be a major component of the coursework. Material covered will include neural networks, classification and regression, image analysis, graph neural networks, learning potential energy surfaces, coarse-graining, Monte Carlo simulation, and applications to quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics. Prerequisite: knowledge of undergraduate level quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics at the levels of Chem 173 and Chem 175. Experience with Python highly recommended.

Introduction to quantum chemistry: the basic principles and applications of quantum theory, Dirac notation, momentum of a free particle and wave packets, the uncertainty principle, time independent and time dependent perturbation theory, harmonic oscillator in molecules and solids, absorption and emission spectroscopy, the variational method, atomic energy calculations, and introduction to basic computational chemistry methods. Prerequisites: CHEM 171; PHYSICS 43.

Molecular theory of kinetics and statistical mechanics: transport and reactions in gases and liquids, ensembles and the Boltzmann distribution law, partition functions, molecular simulation, structure and dynamics of liquids. Diffusion and activation limited reactions, potential energy surfaces, collision theory and transition-state theory. Prerequisites: either CHEM 173 or CHEM 171 for students who took CHEM 171 in Spring 2021 or later, or equivalent course.

Quantum mechanics with examples related to spectroscopy. Includes time dependent perturbation theory, matrix formalism, density matrix formalism and angular momentum. Required: CHEM 271 or equivalent quantum mechanics course.

From the underlying quantum mechanics to isotopic labeling strategies and pulse sequence design, students will develop a strong foundation in understanding magnetic resonance and manipulating spins to detect and discover chemistry - the atomic-level structure and dynamics - in diverse biological systems, synthetic polymers, and other organic and inorganic materials and glasses. We will cover the following foundational material: quantum and classical descriptions of NMR; analysis of pulse sequences and spin coherences via density matrices and the product operator formalism; NMR spectrometer design; Fourier analysis of time-dependent observable magnetization; relaxation; solid-state NMR; NMR problem-solving strategies and examples. Student presentations of NMR applications/topics in the second half of the quarter. The course assumes completion of an undergraduate-level course in quantum mechanics.

Focus on the combined use of organic chemistry and molecular biology to make, manipulate and measure biomacromolecules, with special focus on DNA and RNA. Synthetic and enzymatic methods for design and construction of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids; methods for bioconjugation and labeling; fluorescence tools; intracellular delivery strategies; selection and evolution methods; CRISPR mechanisms. Prerequisite: One year of undergraduate organic chemistry. Completion of a course in molecular biology is strongly recommended.

(Formerly Chem 227) Explores the design and enablement of new medicines that were born from a convergence of concepts and techniques from chemistry and biology. Topics include an overview of the drug development process, design of of small molecule medicines with various modes of action, drug metabolism and pharmacogenomics, biologic medicines including protein- and nucleic acid-based therapeutics, glycoscience and glycomimetic drugs, and cell-based medicines derived from synthetic biology. Prerequisite: undergraduate level organic chemistry and biochemistry as well as familiarity with concepts in cell and molecular biology.

Primary literature based seminar/discussion course covering classical and contemporary papers in biophysical chemistry. This is intended to provide an introduction to critical analysis of papers in the literature through intensive discussion and evaluation. Topics include (among others): protein structure and stability, folding, single molecule fluorescence and force microscopy, simulations, ion channels, GPCRs, and ribosome structure/function. Course is limited to 15 students and priority will be given to first year Chemistry graduate students.

(This course is for graduate students only. ) Leveraging high-resolution structural techniques to visualize and understand the function and mechanisms of biological molecules, with an emphasis on proteins. The course covers the theory of modern x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy for macromolecules, provides hands-on experimentation with both techniques and presents case studies from the literature to highlight how these techniques can be leveraged to reveal the mechanisms of action of some of nature's most powerful catalysts.

Current topics include chemical genetics, activity-based probes, inducible protein degradation, DNA/RNA chemistry and molecular evolution, protein labeling, carbohydrate engineering, fluorescent proteins and sensors, optochemical/optogenetic methods, mass spectrometry, and genome-editing technologies.

Open to seniors and graduate students interested in the creation of new ventures and entrepreneurship in engineering and science intensive industries such as chemical, energy, materials, bioengineering, environmental, clean-tech, pharmaceuticals, medical, and biotechnology. Exploration of the dynamics, complexity, and challenges that define creating new ventures, particularly in industries that require long development times, large investments, integration across a wide range of technical and non-technical disciplines, and the creation and protection of intellectual property. Covers business basics, opportunity viability, creating start-ups, entrepreneurial leadership, and entrepreneurship as a career. Teaching methods include lectures, case studies, guest speakers, and individual and team projects.

Required of all teaching assistants in Chemistry. Techniques of teaching chemistry by means of lectures and labs.

Required of graduate students. May be repeated for credit.

Required of graduate students who have passed the qualifying examination. Open to qualified graduate students with the consent of the major professor. Research seminars and directed reading deal with newly developing areas in chemistry and experimental techniques. May be repeated for credit. Search for adviser name on Axess.

(Formerly 229) Required of graduate students majoring in organic chemistry. Students giving seminars register for CHEM 231.

(Formerly 259) Required of graduate students majoring in inorganic chemistry.

(Formerly 279) Required of graduate students majoring in physical chemistry. May be repeated for credit.

For Chemistry majors who need work experience as part of their program of study. Confer with Chem student services office for signup.