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AFRICAST 235: Designing Research-Based Interventions to Solve Global Health Problems (AFRICAST 135, EDUC 135, EDUC 335, EPI 235, HUMBIO 26, MED 235)

The excitement around social innovation and entrepreneurship has spawned numerous startups focused on tackling world problems, particularly in the fields of education and health. The best social ventures are launched with careful consideration paid to research, design, and efficacy. This course offers students an immersive educational experience into understanding how to effectively develop, evaluate, and scale social ventures. Students will also get a rare "behind-the-scenes" glimpse at the complex ethical dilemmas social entrepreneurs have tackled to navigate the odds. Partnered with TeachAids, a global award-winning nonprofit (scaled to 82 countries), this course introduces students to the major principles of research-based design and integrates instruction supported by several game-changing social leaders. Open to both undergraduate and graduate students, it culminates in a formal presentation to an interdisciplinary panel of diverse Silicon Valley leaders. (Cardinal Course certified by the Haas Center)
Terms: Win | Units: 3

BIOE 376: Startup Garage: Design (SUSTAIN 376)

Startup Garage is an intensive, hands-on, project-based course where students apply human-centric design, lean startup methodology, and the Business Model Canvas to conceive, design, and field-test new business concepts that address real world needs. Teams get out of the building and interact directly with users, industry participants, and advisors to deeply understand one or more unmet customer needs. They proceed to design, prototype, and test their proposed products or services and a business model. Teams working on impact-focused ventures will apply the same methodology to address the needs of their beneficiaries. Students develop entrepreneurial skills as they learn critical, cutting-edge techniques about launching a venture. The course is offered by the Graduate School of Business. PREREQUISITE: Team application required. See details and apply at http://startupgarage.stanford.edu/details (login required).
Terms: Aut | Units: 4

BIOE 377: Startup Garage: Testing and Launch (SUSTAIN 377)

In this intensive, hands-on project based course, teams continue to develop their ventures based on a user need that they validated in preparation for the course. They build out more elaborate versions of their prototypes and Business Model Canvas; test hypotheses about the product/service, business model, value proposition, customer acquisition, revenue generation, and fundraising; and deliver a seed round financing pitch to a panel of investors. Students develop entrepreneurial skills as they 1) Get out of the building and gather insights from users, investors, and advisors, 2) Make decisions about pivoting, 3) Work through their operating plans and unit economics, 4) Test go-to-market strategies, 5) Consider equity splits, 6) Learn term sheet negotiations, and 7) Practice their pitches. PREREQUISITE: SUSTAIN 376 or a team application. See details and apply at http://startupgarage.stanford.edu/details (login required).
Terms: Win | Units: 4

CEE 227: Global Project Finance

Public and private sources of finance for large, complex, capital-intensive projects in developed and developing countries. Benefits and disadvantages, major participants, risk sharing, and challenges of project finance in emerging markets. Financial, economic, political, cultural, and technological elements that affect project structures, processes, and outcomes. Case studies. Limited enrollment.
Terms: Win | Units: 3-5

CEE 246: Venture Creation for the Real Economy (MS&E 273)

CEE 246 is a unique course geared toward developing entrepreneurial businesses (both start-ups and internal ventures). This team, project-based class teaches students how to exploit emerging materials science, engineering and IT technologies to radically apply innovation to the real economy e.g., new products and services that produce real economic value for society as well as for the entrepreneurs. Areas of focus include: Sustainable Buildings and Infrastructure, Digital Cities and Communities, Clean Energy, Transportation and Logistics, Advanced Manufacturing, Digital Health Care, Web3.0, and Education. With one-on-one support from seasoned industry mentors and influential guest speakers, the course guides students through the three key elements of new venture creation: identifying opportunities, developing business plans, and determining funding sources. The class culminates with business presentations to industry experts, VCs and other investors. The goal is to equip students with the knowledge and network to create impactful business ideas, many of which have been launched from this class. To apply for this limited enrollment course, students must submit an application. Please visit the course website for additional information: https://cee.stanford.edu/venture-creation
Terms: Win, Spr | Units: 3-4

CEE 251: Negotiation (CEE 151)

Students learn to negotiate in a variety of arenas including getting a job, workplace negotiations, transactional transactions, and managing personal relationships. The class is interactive and case based; students will do weekly negotiations out of class. The instructor has worked as a professional negotiator in over 75 countries including work in political and ethnic conflict, land use and construction mediation, corporate mergers and acquisitions, and capital raising in the technology sector. He has taught this popular class at Stanford for over 20 years. An application is required in order to get into the class. Students should enroll on Axess and complete the application on Canvas by April 1st. Application instructions will be available on Axess or through the class website on Canvas. There will be a class fee in order to access the cases and other materials for the course.
Terms: Spr | Units: 3
Instructors: ; Christensen, S. (PI)

CHEM 296: Creating and Leading New Ventures in Engineering and Science-based Industries (CHEM 196, CHEMENG 196, CHEMENG 296)

Open to seniors and graduate students interested in the creation of new ventures and entrepreneurship in engineering and science intensive industries such as chemical, energy, materials, bioengineering, environmental, clean-tech, pharmaceuticals, medical, and biotechnology. Exploration of the dynamics, complexity, and challenges that define creating new ventures, particularly in industries that require long development times, large investments, integration across a wide range of technical and non-technical disciplines, and the creation and protection of intellectual property. Covers business basics, opportunity viability, creating start-ups, entrepreneurial leadership, and entrepreneurship as a career. Teaching methods include lectures, case studies, guest speakers, and individual and team projects.
Terms: Spr | Units: 3

CHEMENG 296: Creating and Leading New Ventures in Engineering and Science-based Industries (CHEM 196, CHEM 296, CHEMENG 196)

Open to seniors and graduate students interested in the creation of new ventures and entrepreneurship in engineering and science intensive industries such as chemical, energy, materials, bioengineering, environmental, clean-tech, pharmaceuticals, medical, and biotechnology. Exploration of the dynamics, complexity, and challenges that define creating new ventures, particularly in industries that require long development times, large investments, integration across a wide range of technical and non-technical disciplines, and the creation and protection of intellectual property. Covers business basics, opportunity viability, creating start-ups, entrepreneurial leadership, and entrepreneurship as a career. Teaching methods include lectures, case studies, guest speakers, and individual and team projects.
Terms: Spr | Units: 3

EDUC 335: Designing Research-Based Interventions to Solve Global Health Problems (AFRICAST 135, AFRICAST 235, EDUC 135, EPI 235, HUMBIO 26, MED 235)

The excitement around social innovation and entrepreneurship has spawned numerous startups focused on tackling world problems, particularly in the fields of education and health. The best social ventures are launched with careful consideration paid to research, design, and efficacy. This course offers students an immersive educational experience into understanding how to effectively develop, evaluate, and scale social ventures. Students will also get a rare "behind-the-scenes" glimpse at the complex ethical dilemmas social entrepreneurs have tackled to navigate the odds. Partnered with TeachAids, a global award-winning nonprofit (scaled to 82 countries), this course introduces students to the major principles of research-based design and integrates instruction supported by several game-changing social leaders. Open to both undergraduate and graduate students, it culminates in a formal presentation to an interdisciplinary panel of diverse Silicon Valley leaders. (Cardinal Course certified by the Haas Center)
Terms: Win | Units: 3

EDUC 374: Philanthropy and Civil Society (POLISCI 334, SOC 374, SUSTAIN 324)

Cross-listed with Law (LAW 7071), Political Science (POLISCI 334) and Sociology (SOC 374). Associated with the Center for Philanthropy and Civil Society (PACS). Year-long workshop for doctoral students and advanced undergraduates writing senior theses on the nature of civil society or philanthropy. Focus is on pursuit of progressive research and writing contributing to the current scholarly knowledge of the nonprofit sector and philanthropy. Accomplished in a large part through peer review. Readings include recent scholarship in aforementioned fields. May be repeated for credit for a maximum of 3 units.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr | Units: 1-3 | Repeatable 6 times (up to 18 units total)

EDUC 377G: Problem Solving for Social Change

(Also GSBGEN 367). Stanford graduates will play important roles in solving many of today's and tomorrow's major societal problems -- such as improving educational and health outcomes, conserving energy, and reducing global poverty -- which call for actions by nonprofit, business, and hybrid organizations as well as governments. This course teaches skills and bodies of knowledge relevant to these roles through problems and case studies drawn from nonprofit organizations, for-profit social enterprises, and governments. Topics include designing, implementing, scaling, and evaluating social strategies; systems thinking; decision making under risk; psychological biases that adversely affect people's decisions; methods for influencing individuals' and organizations' behavior, ranging from incentives and penalties to "nudges;" human-centered design; corporate social responsibility; and pay-for-success programs. We will apply these concepts and tools to address an actual social problem facing Stanford University. (With the exception of several classes on strategy and evaluation, there is no substantial overlap with Paul Brest's and Mark Wolfson's course, Strategic Philanthropy and Impact Investing (GSBGEN 319), which has a different focus from this one.)
Terms: Aut | Units: 3

EDUC 386: Leadership and Administration in Higher Education

This course is provides an introduction to a wide range of contemporary leadership issues that arise in higher education and play out in different types of colleges and universities. We include a range of written and video materials to anchor class discussions. In addition, we have guest speakers who are or were in higher education leadership positions to engage with us and share their perspectives on higher education leadership and administration. Graduate students in every discipline interested in becoming faculty members or administrators at universities or colleges need to understand these issues to learn how best to navigate the complexities. Although higher education is our primary focus, we welcome students whose main interest is in an education-related organization such as a foundation, and we will help those students relate our discussions to their interests.
Terms: Spr | Units: 2-3

EDUC 445: Transforming Education through Entrepreneurship

(Same as STRAMGT 335) In this course, students will investigate opportunities and challenges of entrepreneurial ventures trying to increase access to educational opportunity, improve the quality of learning experiences for underserved students and disrupt systemic inequities in preK-12 education. Class discussions will explore frameworks for understanding how to maximize educational impact by ensuring efficacy, increasing financial sustainability, and building scale. Cases are focused on organizations in early childhood, primary and secondary education, and feature a variety of ventures (including schools, technology, educator training, and supplemental services) and organizational models (for-profit, not-for-profit, and benefit corporation) in the U.S. and globally. Note: This is not a "how to" class on starting an education venture; it focuses on the strategic challenges of maximizing impact. This course is designed for students who want to be part of creating a more equitable society and improving opportunities for youth, whether by becoming entrepreneurs, leaders, Board members, donors or investors in education organizations. Attendance at the first class meeting is required.
Terms: Aut | Units: 3
Instructors: ; Lee, G. (PI); Dubon, M. (GP)

EE 292I: Insanely Great Products: How do they get built?

Great products are crafted by product teams, commonly composed of engineering, product management, and customer support. We start by identifying unmet market needs and then satisfying those needs through an iterative process of building from functional infancy to market leadership. In this class, we seek to demystify this process through direct conversations with guests who've delivered immensely successful products. We aim to introduce how great hardware and software products are crafted -- in both startups and larger companies. Students will learn why pursuing areas of interest and curiosity is critical to building world-class solutions to problems. Previous companies profiled: Apple, HP, Microsoft, VMWare, Genentech, Blue Bottle Coffee, Pixar, and Pivotal Labs -- to name a few. Previous guests include Ted Hoff (Inventor of the microprocessor and employee #12 at Intel), Diane Greene (Co-founder and CEO of VMware, former President of Google Cloud, and former Chair of The MIT Corporation), Rob Mee (Co-Founder of Pivotal Labs and Founder of Mechanical Orchard), Evans Hankey (former VP of Design at Apple), Matt Kraning (EE292i Alumnus, Co-Founder Expanse, acquired by Palo Alto Networks where Matt now serves as CTO Cortex), and Jon Rubinstein (NeXT, Apple, Palm). Pre-requisites: None
Terms: Spr | Units: 1
Instructors: ; Obershaw, D. (PI)

EE 402A: Topics in International Technology Management (EALC 402A, EASTASN 402A)

Autumn 2023 Theme: "The Emerging Digital Economy in Context: US-Asia Cooperation and Competition." This course will examine ways in which new digital technologies, business models, and data governance frameworks are addressing problems and opportunities at the interface between the digital economy and the external world, with special attention to new patterns of competition and cooperation between Asia and the U.S. Individual sessions will focus on topics such as live commerce, new models of AI governance, the role of digital transformation in addressing climate change, cross-border data sharing in an era of heightened concern for privacy and security, digital platforms for supply chain integration, and AI competition. Distinguished speakers and panels from industry and government.
Terms: Aut | Units: 1 | Repeatable for credit
Instructors: ; Dasher, R. (PI)

EE 402T: Entrepreneurship in Asian High Tech Industries (EALC 402T, EASTASN 402T)

Distinctive patterns and challenges of entrepreneurship in Asia; update of business and technology issues in the creation and growth of start-up companies in major Asian economies. Distinguished speakers from industry, government, and academia.
Terms: Spr | Units: 1 | Repeatable for credit
Instructors: ; Dasher, R. (PI)

ENERGY 203: Stanford Climate Ventures

Solving the global climate challenge will require the creation and successful scale-up of hundreds of new ventures. This project-based course provides a launchpad for the development and creation of transformational climate ventures and innovation models. Interdisciplinary teams will research, analyze, and develop detailed launch plans for high-impact opportunities in the context of the new climate venture development framework offered in this course. Throughout the quarter, teams will complete 70+ interviews with customers, sector experts, and other partners in the emerging climatetech ecosystem, with introductions facilitated by the teaching team's unique networks in this space. Please see the course website scv.stanford.edu for more information and alumni highlights. Project lead applications are due by December 11 through tinyurl.com/scvprojectlead. Students interested in joining a project team, please briefly indicate your interest in the course at tinyurl.com/scvgeneralinterest. Cardinal Course certified by the Haas Center for Public Service.
Terms: Win, Spr | Units: 1-5 | Repeatable 3 times (up to 18 units total)

ENGR 245: The Lean LaunchPad: Getting Your Lean Startup Off the Ground

Learn how to turn a technical idea from a lab, research, or vision into a successful business using the Lean Launchpad process (business model canvas, customer development, running experiments, and agile engineering.) Hands-on experiential class. 15+ hours per week talking to customers, regulators and partners outside the classroom, plus time building minimal viable products. This class is the basis of the National Science Foundation I-Corps with a focus on understanding all the components to build for deep technology and life science applications. Team applications required in March. Proposals may be software, hardware, or service of any kind. See course website http://leanlaunchpad.stanford.edu/. Prerequisite: interest in and passion for exploring whether your technology idea can become a real company. Limited enrollment.
Terms: Win, Spr | Units: 4-5

ENGR 248: Principled Entrepreneurial Decisions (ENGR 148)

Principled Entrepreneurial Decisions examines how leaders tackle significant inflection points that occur in high-growth entrepreneurial companies. Students learn how to develop principles as a powerful tool to face tough situations that they will encounter in their lives and their chosen career. Cases and guest speakers discuss not only the business rationale for the decisions taken but also how their principles affected those decisions. A capstone project provides frameworks for students to develop their own set of principles. The teaching team brings its wealth of experience in both entrepreneurship and VC investing to the class. Limited enrollment. Admission by application: https://forms.gle/VU36jjGwmsK54CsK9
Terms: Aut, Win | Units: 3

FINANCE 385: Angel and Venture Capital Financing for Entrepreneurs and Investors

This course covers all the stages of funding for early stage high-growth companies, from seed funding to venture capital rounds to a successful exit. We will concentrate on how entrepreneurs and investors make and should make important decisions. Examples of issues that we will cover are: How can entrepreneurs raise funding successfully? What are typical mistakes entrepreneurs make in raising capital and negotiating with investors? How to choose your investor? How to pitch to an investor? How do angels and VCs generate and process their deal flow and select companies? How are VCs involved in business decisions such as recruiting talent and replacing CEOs? What are the important provisions of financial contracts between VCs and founders? How to value early-stage companies? The course is very applied and mostly case-based. We will discuss a lot of nitty-gritty details that is a must for founders and investors. Case protagonists, founders, angels, and VCs will be among guest speakers. No prior knowledge of the VC industry is needed.
Terms: Aut | Units: 3

GSBGEN 208: Leading with Values

With leadership comes responsibility. This course explores the numerous ethical issues faced by managers and organizations and provides both analytical frameworks and the latest findings on human behavior to inform ethical decisions and strategies. The readings present challenging and controversial case studies, provide insights from experimental psychology and economics, and discuss relevant philosophical concepts and arguments. Through class exercises, rigorous discussion, and personal reflection, you will clarify your own ethical stance, think through ethical dilemmas, and practice articulating recommendations compellingly. You will also discover the diversity of ethical viewpoints and find out how to avoid the social and cognitive pitfalls that can make ethical leadership challenging.
Terms: Aut | Units: 2

GSBGEN 315: Strategic Communication

Business leaders have marketing strategies, expansion strategies, finance strategies, even exit strategies. Successful leaders, however, also have communication strategies. This course will explore how individuals and organizations can develop and execute effective communication strategies for a variety of business settings. This course introduces the essentials of communication strategy and persuasion: audience analysis, communicator credibility, message construction and delivery. Deliverables will include written documents and oral presentations and you will present both individually and in a team. You will receive feedback to improve your communication effectiveness. This practical course helps students develop confidence in their speaking and writing through weekly presentations and assignments, lectures and discussions, guest speakers, simulated activities, and videotaped feedback. An important feature of this course is that there are two faculty members working in concert to ensure that students get rigorous and individualized coaching and feedback. In this course you will learn to: - Create communication strategies at an individual and organizational level - Develop clearly organized and effective presentations and documents - Diagnose and expand your personal writing and oral delivery style - Adapt your delivery style to different material and audiences - Enhance oral delivery through effective visual aids Students at all levels of comfort and expertise with public speaking and business writing will benefit from this course.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr | Units: 4

GSBGEN 345: Disruptions in Education

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted higher education significantly, surfacing novel needs, while at the same putting decades long trends into sharper focus. This course explores the contemporary higher education industry, focusing especially on the places where disruptions of all kinds present significant opportunities and challenges for entrepreneurs, investors, and the businesses that serve this huge global market, as well as for faculty, students, and higher education institutions and leaders, both incumbents and alternatives. Using a variety of readings and case studies to better understand recent disruptions and the unbundling occurring across the postsecondary landscape, from outside and inside the academy, both for-profit and non-profit, the course will examine technology in teaching and learning; the future of the degree and alternatives to the traditional credential; accreditation; competency based education; affordability, student debt, and education financing models; investing in the education space; workforce, skills development, and lifelong learning; and tertiary products and platforms that serve the student services market. Guests will include higher education leaders and practitioners, as well as investors, entrepreneurs, and social entrepreneurs. (Please note, the focus of this course is post-secondary education, skilling/lifelong learning, and learning in the workplace. It does not cover K-12 or early childhood education).
Terms: Win | Units: 3

GSBGEN 495: Leadership for Society: Daring Dialogues

The Leadership for Society program at the Stanford Graduate School of Business will continue their speakers series in January 2024 with the theme Tensions: Business, Civic Society and Politics. Maintaining a functioning society is a delicate balance of people, planet, and profit. Balancing short term return on investments with long-term goals of sustainability, equity, and social stability creates both significant opportunities and major challenges around the globe. In winter of 2024, Leadership for Society Conversations will explore this topic further through a series of discussions with leaders from a variety of sectors. Students will then delve further into these topics by engaging in peer dialogues led by the Leadership for Society Scholars.
Terms: Win | Units: 1 | Repeatable 4 times (up to 6 units total)

GSBGEN 515: Essentials of Strategic Communication

Successful leaders understand the power of authentic, memorable communication. This course uses the lens of oral communication and presentations, to introduce the essential elements of the strategic communication strategies that make authentic, memorable communication work. Focusing on oral communication and presentation, we introduce the essentials of communication strategy and persuasion: audience analysis, message construction, communicator credibility, and delivery. Deliverables include written documents, focusing on individual and team presentations, with students receiving continuous feedback to improve their communication effectiveness, and to sharpen their authentic leadership voice. This highly interactive, practical course, is focused on feedback to help students at all levels of communication mastery develop confidence in their speaking and writing. Course includes presentations, assignments, lectures, discussions, simulated activities, in-class feedback, and filmed feedback. In this course you will learn to:-Recognize strategically effective communication-Implement the principles of strategic communication across different platforms-Develop clearly organized and effective presentations and documents-Diagnose and expand, your personal authentic communication style.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr | Units: 2

GSBGEN 565: Political Communication: How Leaders Become Leaders

This year -- 2023 -- will be a fascinating backdrop for national as well as state and local politics. Implications of the recent pandemic, its dramatic economic impacts and an uneven but recovering economy, Inflation fears, a war in Ukraine, and the looming presidential year elections in 2024 in the U.S. will continue to complicate the political landscape Politics, perhaps like no other arena, provides a rich and dramatic laboratory for studying the art and science of influential communication. Whether it is a local school bond election or a Congressional race, a Presidential debate or a State of the Union Address, the demanding communications of politics provide insights into our own strengths and gaps as communicators and leaders. Political campaigns, by their very nature, are highly visible, oriented toward very specific objectives, and increasingly leverage a variety of new media platforms. They are often emotionally charged, and rife with conflict and drama. The principles of political communications transcend politics, and are useful guides for leaders in business, the non-profit community, as well as government. How candidates, elected officials, and leaders in all kinds of organizations communicate vision, values, and experience, as well as how they perform in very fluid environments, not the least of which may be during a crisis, has a great deal to do with their career success. In its 15th year, this highly interactive course allows students to explore both theory and practice behind effective positioning and presentation. Students will analyze and evaluate both successful and unsuccessful communications strategies of political campaigns and candidates. History is a great learning tool, something emphasized throughout the class. As such students will explore historic examples of US Presidential debates, from Nixon/Kennedy to the present, as well other political events from the near and distant past. Popular culture, the effect of social media, disinformation will also be topics of discussion. Students will experience discussion of political events as they happen -- with each class drawing lessons from political developments around the nation and the world. Students will also hone their own strategic communications skills in activities requiring both written and spoken communication. This is not a course in political science, American government, or in public speaking. However, the engaged student will gain insights into those areas as well. The course is taught by David Demarest, former Vice President of Public Affairs for Stanford University. Demarest has broad communications experience across the public and private sector in financial services, education, and government. Typically, Prof. Demarest shares many of his experiences -- some successful, some less so -- through storytelling, and while those stories may be entertaining, they also provide real-life examples of communications challenges and strategies, After serving as Assistant U.S. Trade Representative, and Assistant Secretary of Labor in the Reagan Administration, in 1988 he served as Communications Director for Vice President George H. W. Bush's successful presidential campaign. He then became a member of the White House senior staff as White House Communications Director. After leaving government in 1993, he spent the next decade leading communications for two Fortune 50 companies, before coming to Stanford in 2005 to head the university's public affairs efforts.
Terms: Aut, Win | Units: 2

HRP 224: Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation Lab (SE Lab) - Human & Planetary Health (MED 224, PUBLPOL 224)

Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation Lab (SE Lab) - Global & Planetary Health is a Collaboratory workshop for students/fellows to design and develop innovative social ventures addressing key challenges in health and the environment, especially in support of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2030). Your mandate in identifying problems and designing solutions is broad and flexible! SE Lab is open to students and fellows across Stanford and combines design thinking exercises, short lectures & case studies, workshops, small group teamwork, presentations, guest speakers, and faculty, practitioner and peer feedback to support you and your team in generating and developing ideas and projects that will change the world! Join SE Lab with an idea or simply the desire to join a team. Enrollment limited to 30.
Terms: Aut, Win | Units: 1-4 | Repeatable 3 times (up to 15 units total)
Instructors: ; Bloom, G. (PI)

HRP 285: Global Leaders and Innovators in Human and Planetary Health: Sustainable Societies Lab (MED 285, SUSTAIN 345)

Are you interested in innovative ideas and strategies for addressing urgent challenges in human and planetary health and creating sustainable societies? This 7 session lecture series features a selection of noteworthy leaders, innovators, and experts across diverse sectors/topics in health and the environment such as: health innovation and environmental sustainability, social and environmental justice and equality, social innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystems, foundations and venture capital, tech innovation, media and AI, biotech and ag-tech, pandemics, public health and community wellbeing, food systems and agricultural innovation, hunger and nutrition, clean water and air, nonprofits and community action, public policy innovation and systems change, and the role of academia and you. Co-convened and co-designed by faculty, fellows and students collaborating across several Stanford centers, departments, schools, the course invites the discussion of global problems, interdisciplinary perspectives, and systemic solutions for the climate crisis and human health. The course will address root causes of the climate crisis and urgent challenges of human and planetary health, including sociological constraints, political objectives, economic incentives, technological limitations, and preservation of global stability, and suggest models of leadership, innovation and sustainable social change. We will also delve into efforts to catalyze long-term sustainability across the private, nonprofit, and public sectors. Students from all backgrounds are encouraged to enroll - registration is open to all Stanford students and fellows. May be repeated for credit.
Terms: Aut | Units: 1-2 | Repeatable 4 times (up to 8 units total)

ME 206A: Design for Extreme Affordability

Design for Extreme Affordability (fondly called Extreme) is a two-quarter course offered by the d.school through the School of Engineering and the Graduate School of Business. This multidisciplinary project-based experience creates an enabling environment in which students learn to design products and services that will change the lives of the world's poorest citizens. Students work directly with course partners on real world problems, the culmination of which is actual implementation and real impact. Topics include design thinking, product and service design, rapid prototype engineering and testing, business modelling, social entrepreneurship, team dynamics, impact measurement, operations planning and ethics. Possibility to travel overseas during spring break. Previous projects include d.light, Driptech, Earthenable, Embrace, the Lotus Pump, MiracleBrace, Noora Health and Sanku. Periodic design reviews; Final course presentation and expo; industry and adviser interaction. Limited enrollment via application. Must sign up for ME206A and ME206B. See extreme.stanford.edu
Terms: Win | Units: 4

ME 206B: Design for Extreme Affordability

Design for Extreme Affordability (fondly called Extreme) is a two-quarter course offered by the d.school through the School of Engineering and the Graduate School of Business. This multidisciplinary project-based experience creates an enabling environment in which students learn to design products and services that will change the lives of the world's poorest citizens. Students work directly with course partners on real world problems, the culmination of which is actual implementation and real impact. Topics include design thinking, product and service design, rapid prototype engineering and testing, business modelling, social entrepreneurship, team dynamics, impact measurement, operations planning and ethics. Possibility to travel overseas during spring break. Previous projects include d.light, Driptech, Earthenable, Embrace, the Lotus Pump, MiracleBrace, Noora Health and Sanku. Periodic design reviews; Final course presentation and expo; industry and adviser interaction. Limited enrollment via application. Must sign up for ME206A and ME206B. See extreme.stanford.edu. Cardinal Course certified by the Haas Center
Terms: Spr | Units: 4

ME 301: LaunchPad:Design and Launch your Product or Service (DESIGN 399)

This is an intense course in product design and development offered to graduate students only (no exceptions). In just ten weeks, we will apply principles of design thinking to the real-life challenge of imagining, prototyping, testing and iterating, building, pricing, marketing, distributing and selling your product or service. You will work hard on both sides of your brain. You will experience the joy of success and the (passing) pain of failure along the way. This course is an excellent chance to practice design thinking in a demanding, fast-paced, results-oriented group with support from faculty and industry leaders. This course may change your life. We will treat each team and idea as a real start-up, so the work will be intense. If you do not have a passionate and overwhelming urge to start a business or launch a product or service, this class will not be a fit. Refer to this website for up-to-date class and office hours information: https://www.launchpad.stanford.edu/
Terms: Spr | Units: 4
Instructors: ; Klebahn, P. (PI)

MED 235: Designing Research-Based Interventions to Solve Global Health Problems (AFRICAST 135, AFRICAST 235, EDUC 135, EDUC 335, EPI 235, HUMBIO 26)

The excitement around social innovation and entrepreneurship has spawned numerous startups focused on tackling world problems, particularly in the fields of education and health. The best social ventures are launched with careful consideration paid to research, design, and efficacy. This course offers students an immersive educational experience into understanding how to effectively develop, evaluate, and scale social ventures. Students will also get a rare "behind-the-scenes" glimpse at the complex ethical dilemmas social entrepreneurs have tackled to navigate the odds. Partnered with TeachAids, a global award-winning nonprofit (scaled to 82 countries), this course introduces students to the major principles of research-based design and integrates instruction supported by several game-changing social leaders. Open to both undergraduate and graduate students, it culminates in a formal presentation to an interdisciplinary panel of diverse Silicon Valley leaders. (Cardinal Course certified by the Haas Center)
Terms: Win | Units: 3

MS&E 254: The Ethical Analyst

We raise awareness of ethically sensitive situations and provide principles and tools for forming coherent ethical judgments regarding individual, government, or organizational actions. Students learn ethical theories and tools from which they create their own personal ethical codes and test them against established ethical principles, class discussion, homework, class presentations, and situations from work and life. The course addresses personal life, human action and relations in society, technology, medicine, coercion, harming, stealing, imposition of risk, deception, and other ethical issues.
Terms: Spr, Sum | Units: 3

MS&E 271: Global Entrepreneurial Marketing

Introduces core marketing concepts to bring a new product or service to market and build for its success. Geared to both entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs alike who have a passion for innovation. Course themes include: Identifying markets and opportunities, defining the offering and customer experience, creating demand, generating revenue, and measuring success. The team-based final focuses on developing a go-to-market strategy based on concepts from the course. Learn about managing self, building culture and teams, strategically think about your contribution as entrepreneur or intrapreuneur to an organization, community or society at large. Highly experiential and project based. Limited enrollment.
Terms: Aut | Units: 3-4

MS&E 274: Dynamic Entrepreneurial Strategy

Dynamic Entrepreneurial Strategy: Primarily for graduate students. How entrepreneurial strategy focuses on creating structural change or responding to change induced externally. Grabber-holder dynamics as an analytical framework for developing entrepreneurial strategy to increase success in creating and shaping the diffusion of new technology or product innovation dynamics. Topics: First mover versus follower advantage in an emerging market; latecomer advantage and strategy in a mature market; strategy to break through stagnation; and strategy to turn danger into opportunity. Modeling, case studies, and term project.
Terms: Spr | Units: 3

MS&E 275: Secret Foundations of Scalable Startups

Explore the foundational, strategic, and experiential knowledge that entrepreneurs wish they had before building their company. Topics can be broken down into two core themes - how to build a scalable startup and how to be the founder of such a company. In discussion with venture capitalists, students learn how to build a company's foundation to position it for large scale growth. Then, in meeting and talking with expert founders, students understand the human impact of leading fast-paced, high-growth organizations. Primarily for graduate students. Limited enrollment.
Terms: Win | Units: 3

MS&E 276: Entrepreneurial Management and Finance

For graduate students only. Emphasis on managing high-growth, early-stage ventures, especially those with technology-intensive products and services. Students work in teams to develop skills and approaches necessary to becoming effective entrepreneurial leaders and managers. Key topics involve ethical decision-making when assessing risks, understanding business models, analyzing key operational metrics, modeling cash flow and capital requirements, evaluating sources of financing, structuring and negotiating investments, managing organizational culture and incentives, navigating the trade-offs between control versus growth objectives, and handling adversity and failure. Limited enrollment with admission by an application for all matriculated students (full-time, part-time, and remote) due March 15th: https://forms.gle/Yfq1qbDpAUHC77Nu8. Admission results will be provided prior to start of quarter. Pre-requisite or Co-requisite: a college-level financial accounting course (e.g. MS&E 240) or equivalent.
Terms: Spr | Units: 3

MS&E 284: Managing Data Science Organizations for Innovation and Impact

Most organizations are drawn to data science by the tantalizing prospects of competitive advantage and disruptive capabilities. Yet many organizations are finding that their data science teams are not providing the expected business impact, and some are beginning to question the ROI of these teams altogether. This course works to bridge the gap between the technical training that data scientists spend years mastering and the role they must play in their companies to successfully drive business impact. Drawing on inside accounts, case studies, and academic research, this course identifies the key capabilities that data science teams and their business partners must develop to successfully drive business impact. We explore how impactful data science teams have made a fundamental shift toward business understanding and impact accountability, even while ensuring that their statistics are pristine. This course lays out a practical "how to" guide for designing and enabling impact-driven data science teams, including templates and exercises for applying these practical insights in any organizations. Limited enrollment.
Terms: Win | Units: 3

MS&E 472: Entrepreneurial Thought Leaders' Seminar

Learn about entrepreneurship, innovation, culture, startups and strategy from a diverse lineup of accomplished leaders and entrepreneurs in venture capital, technology, education, philanthropy and more. Open to all Stanford students. Required weekly assignment. May be repeated for credit.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr | Units: 1 | Repeatable for credit

MS&E 489: Leadership Lab (DESIGN 368, ME 368)

The Leadership Lab (previously known as d.Leadership) is a one-of-a-kind hands-on leadership course. This course bridges leadership research and principles with real-world application, offering a unique opportunity to grasp not only the theory but also the practical application of leadership. Real Application: Embrace a dynamic learning environment where theory meets practice. You will apply a wide range of leadership capabilities and skills within real, live teams and environments - all with instruction along the way. Experiment with your Leadership Style: We believe your leadership style is something you must prototype and iterate throughout your life. This course creates a safe environment where you can practice new leadership techniques without worrying about your reputation or next performance review in a real work environment. As you practice new techniques, you will undoubtedly experience highs and lows and most importantly refine your own leadership point of view. Key Topic Areas: Leveraging Failure and Learning to Pivot; Leading with Influence in the Absence of Authority; Framing Projects with Purpose in Order to Drive Momentum; and Subtracting Friction in Organizational Change. By the end of this course, you will have enhanced and transformed your leadership capabilities, found your natural strengths, enhanced them, and explored new horizons. Join us and experience a leadership journey that is both inspiring and hands-on. Preference to graduate students and students who have previously taken MS&E 280 or equivalent (not a prerequisite). Reach out to the teaching team with questions. Admission by Application https://forms.gle/B4sFZxjTaN4fFvRQ9 due 5pm on March 22, 2024.
Terms: Spr | Units: 3-4

OB 518: Leading Through Culture

This course examines organization culture, how and why managers can use culture to maximize results within an organization, and how culture can undermine results. The course begins by situating cultural leadership and management within a culture-shaping framework and the opportunities, obligations and methods for leaders to impact culture. It also focuses on what is different in cultural management and why so many contemporary firms attempt to use it. We analyze the relationship between culture and strategy, seeking alignment between the two. The course also explores different kinds of cultures seen in high performing and low performing organizations, and seeks to understand how cultural content affects behavior and business results. Students will be asked to describe and define the culture of an organization needed for a given business and strategy, and to define the role of executives in shaping culture. The class identifies and analyzes the tools or levers that leaders can use to build an effective culture. We will spend a session on each of the following: culture and strategy alignment, architecture for shaping culture, selecting people for cultural alignment, aligning organizational practices, culture and society, cultural inflection points from start-up to scale, cultural aspects of high performance and cultural diagnostics. The course will end with a session on culture issues in merger and acquisition.
Terms: Win | Units: 2

OB 533: Acting with Power

This course combines insights from psychological research and theater practice to explore how power and status play a role in most social and professional interactions. Exercises drawn from actor training will illustrate how power is decoded and performed, while lectures from organizational behavior highlight the most relevant conceptual frameworks and empirical findings. Then, coached by theater professionals, students will prepare and present scenes from actual plays, as well as roleplay situations they have found especially challenging to experiment with new ways of showing up. In the process, this course will allow students to explore their comfort with playing high vs. low power, to consider the associations they have with power, and to question the potential tension between behaving authentically and acting in ways that best serve their group and values.
Terms: Aut | Units: 2

SOMGEN 275: Leading Value Improvement in Health Care Delivery

Successful leaders on the journey to better care delivery methods with lower total spending inevitably face challenges. What confluence of attitudes, values, strategy, and events allows them to prevail? Contexts will include public policy, entrepreneurship and early stage investing, care delivery innovations, and health care system management to improve the value of care. Course faculty and guests will consist of nationally recognized leaders, innovators, and change agents. The course is open to any member of the Stanford community aspiring to lead value improvement in health care delivery including medical, MBA, law, and graduate students, as well as undergraduates, postdoctoral candidates, and medical center trainees. May be repeated for credit.
Terms: Aut | Units: 1 | Repeatable 4 times (up to 4 units total)

STRAMGT 308: Entrepreneurship from Diverse Perspectives

This seminar showcases the diversity of entrepreneurs and the range of entrepreneurial paths they pursue. Thirty-five entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, primarily from historically underestimated groups (HUGs), will share their personal and professional journeys, and how each embodies the entrepreneurial mindset. Candid class discussions and an experiential project, complemented by case studies, readings, and videos, will immerse you in the entrepreneurial process. This includes finding an idea and forming and building a team, evaluating existing ideas or early businesses, being an inclusive leader, raising money, assembling a board, and overcoming setbacks and challenges. The individual project is to profile a founder or venture capitalist from a HUG and how they embody the entrepreneurial mindset. For the group project, teams will have the option of working on an idea for a company, or assessing a company using the venture investment framework taught during the class.
Terms: Aut | Units: 3

STRAMGT 353: Entrepreneurship: Formation of New Ventures

This course is offered for students who seek to understand the dynamics of new ventures from the point of view of the entrepreneur/manager rather than the passive investor. At some stage this understanding will enhance your decision making about whether to pursue a career in playing a key role in creating or building a new venture. It will also enhance your understanding if you will be negotiating with executives at new ventures. Many cases involve visitors, since the premise is that opportunity and action have large idiosyncratic components. Students must assess opportunity and action in light of the perceived capabilities of the individuals and the nature of the environments they face. The course is integrative and will allow students to apply many facets of their business school education.
Terms: Aut, Win, Spr | Units: 4

STRAMGT 356: Startup Garage: Design

(BIOE 376) Startup Garage is an intensive, hands-on, project-based course where students apply design thinking, lean startup methodology, and the Business Model Canvas to conceive, design, and field-test new business concepts that address real world needs. Teams get out of the building and interact directly with users, stakeholders, and advisors to deeply understand one or more unmet customer needs. They proceed to design, prototype, and test their proposed solutions, validate the value proposition, develop a business model, and identify risks. Teams working on impact-focused ventures apply the same methodology to address the needs of their beneficiaries. Students develop entrepreneurial skills as they learn critical, cutting-edge techniques for testing new venture ideas. Offered by the Graduate School of Business. PREREQUISITE: Team application required. Details and application: http://startupgarage.stanford.edu/details.
Terms: Aut | Units: 4

STRAMGT 516: Fundamentals of Effective Selling

The primary objective of this course is to introduce students to the fundamentals of how to sell. The course is appropriate for anyone who wants to understand and show proficiency with the skills required in different selling situations, both traditional (i.e., direct sales of products and services) and non-traditional (e.g., selling oneself in an interview, raising money for a new venture, convincing a job candidate to join your company, etc.). The course looks at the entire selling process of prospecting, qualification, discovery, understanding value, customizing presentations, objection handling, and closing. This is not a typical GSB case-study-based course. Students who have taken previous versions of this class describe it as a practical, hands-on, skills-based class. Students will work by themselves outside of class to prepare for group exercises and role-plays that will take place in class. These exercises are designed to give students practice with selling fundamentals in each stage of the selling process, and to give them the opportunity to observe and provide feedback to others. Our goal is to provide students the time in class to focus on doing stuff (e.g., practice using curiosity) rather than just thinking about and talking about stuff. After taking this course, you should understand what is involved in all of the following steps of the selling process: - Preparing a value-based prospecting script. - Using an advanced questioning methodology and note-taking strategy for discovering a customer's most important business priorities and motivations.- Developing a curiosity-based approach to handling objections in all stages of the selling process. - Creating and delivering effective customized presentations. - Understanding the most effective ways to create engagement and interaction when selling. - Developing a strategy and building the confidence to ask the hard questions when closing a deal. - Using a value-based mutual plan to control the sales cycle and move a deal forward.¿ Identifying the most valuable categories for qualifying an opportunity.- Accelerating the process of relationship building. - Understanding a customer¿s entire decision making process (DMP). - Discovering limiting beliefs and seeing how they impact your ability to accomplish your objectives. - Applying these fundamentals of effective selling to your personal selling situations with confidence.
Terms: Aut | Units: 2

STRAMGT 537: Leading Change in Public Education

Public education in America is at a crossroads. Does our education system have what it takes to produce graduates who are prepared for college, career, and citizenship in our increasingly digital and pluralistic world? Will income and ethnic achievement gaps continue to be pervasive and persistent in our nation's largest urban cities? Will family zip code determine educational destiny for the next generation of students? Which strategies and reforms are truly demonstrating results and which are merely passing fads? As in all large-scale enterprises undergoing rapid, transformative change, leadership matters greatly. Fortunately, over the last decade, the reform of American public education has been led by a number of innovative and results-oriented leaders at the state, district and charter levels. These leaders are bringing additional urgency, strategies, and ideas designed to prepare America's schools and students for the century ahead. Some ideas are proving to be critical levers for change, others are facing significant political challenges, and others have not delivered on expected results. Many of them hold lessons for how future educational leaders can contribute to transforming public education for the next generation of K-12 students. This course will focus on school system leadership for education reform. The course will provide an overview of the critical issues facing K-12 public education in America today, and what is going on across the U.S. during this transformative period of change. Once this context is set, students will study education leaders and systems change strategies from the last 10-15 years at the state, district and charter levels. We will focus on leaders across five domains: Leadership in crisis situations, strategic leadership, 'china-breaking' leadership, sustaining leadership, and next generation leadership. We will also look at leadership examples from outside K-12 education to broaden our thinking about what leadership styles and strategies could be successfully applied to education. Students will debate the strategies and efficacy of how different leaders approached systems-level change and will form their own working hypotheses of what is needed to help transform the American education system. Case studies in school system leadership will form the primary basis for classroom assignments and discussion. We will examine what went right and what went wrong in each case, focusing particularly on the decisions that school system leaders faced and the implications of their decisions. Most cases will be supplemented with research publications, technical notes, news clips, and/or videos to deepen students' understanding of the context or issues discussed in the cases. Dan Katzir worked for Bain & Company, Teach for America, Sylvan Learning Systems and the Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation before joining Alliance College-Ready Public Schools as its CEO in 2015. He is an experienced case study teacher and the editor of The Redesign of Urban School Systems: Case Studies in District Governance.
Terms: Spr | Units: 2

STRAMGT 547: Riding The Next Wave in Developing Economies

Today, innovative ventures in developing economies are providing compelling new products and services to a growing middle-class as well as to the lower part of the economic pyramid. These offerings provide consumers ways to better their lives and companies to grow their businesses. As older industries around the world are being disrupted, and entrepreneurial ecosystems in developing economies are evolving, entrepreneurs and investors now have reference points and 'basecamps' to explore unique opportunities. These newly formed networks that include universities, incubators, accelerator programs, angel investor organizations and small venture capital firms are still lacking in breadth and depth, despite their attempts to follow the lead of Silicon Valley. Consequently, investors and founders face distinct and more numerous challenges that they would not encounter in Silicon Valley, such as small local markets, lack of scale-up funding, uncertain exit opportunities, inadequate talent pools and complex legal and political environments.Yet these developing economies are growing and becoming more connected. We are witnessing new technology-based products in these locations allowing problems to be solved at a scale never seen before. AI and machine learning, blockchain, smart sensors, IoT devices, natural language interfaces and AR and VR are just a few of the technologies not only being developed in Silicon Valley, but all over the world. Of course, smartphones, with their multi-faceted sensors, are now becoming ubiquitous. These trends present opportunities such as: replicating business models proven elsewhere; leapfrogging legacy technologies; targeting the base of the pyramid; and starting venture capital firms. Despite this fertile ground for new endeavors, success not only requires an exceptional product/market fit but great execution to start and scale a venture in problematic and sometimes adverse environments.This case-driven course is designed to help students identify new opportunities in developing economies around the world and across industries and to expose them to the challenges they will face. It is targeted at students who are thinking about creating, joining or investing in new ventures in developing economies.The cases and guests will reveal entrepreneurial challenges through the eyes of founders and investors who have seized these opportunities at different stages of the venture: ideation, launch and scaling. This course is designed to showcase innovative companies in high growth industries such as consumer internet, financial services, health care and education. It will feature the latest trends and opportunities in Asia, Eastern Europe, Middle East, Africa and Latin America. By taking this course, you will be better equipped to observe, explain and participate in developing economy ecosystems and the opportunities and challenges they present.
Terms: Aut | Units: 2

STRAMGT 573: Moore's Law and the Convergence of Computing and Communications; Strategic Thinking in Action

This six-session (2-unit) Bass seminar focuses on strategic leadership and builds on core strategic leadership coursework in the MBA program. The course uses the seminar format with expectations of extensive contributions from all students to the discussion in each session. Through seminar discussions, we aim to deepen our understanding of strategic dynamics and transformational change at the industry and organizational levels of analysis in dynamic environments. The seminar's aim is to improve participants' ability to develop strategically informed action plans that are imaginative, inspiring and workable. The seminar's conceptual frameworks include traditional tools of strategic and competitive analysis from the core MBA course on strategic leadership, conceptual frameworks developed by the instructors that help understand the role of strategy-making in the evolution and transformation of organizations and industries, and theoretical frameworks that help understand the interplays between technology strategy and corporate strategy. Three of the six session will feature discussions with senior executives from key industry players. The seminar's pedagogy involves informed debate including with the guest executives to evaluate and hone well-researched views by the participants as well as the writing and presentation of position papers by small groups of seminar participants concerning the seminar's analytical topics. In this fall's seminar we will examine the evolution of the global semiconductor industry in light of the ongoing impact of Moore's Law and the convergence of computing and wireless communications industries, and how it has been and will be affected by strategic actions of entrepreneurial startups, incumbent corporations, and governments in multiple geographies. Several interrelated topics will be discussed as they impact three key industry segments of the global semiconductor industry that are the focus of the seminar.
Terms: Aut | Units: 2

STRAMGT 574: Strategic Thinking in Action - In Business and Beyond II (Automotive Industry Disruption)

This six-session Bass seminar is about strategic leadership driving the transformation of the advanced automotive industry. It will build on what students have learned in their MBA core strategic leadership course but will also provide additional conceptual frameworks developed by the instructors to help examine the major seminar topics. The seminar's pedagogy involves informed debate to evaluate and hone well-researched views by the participants. Consequently, there will be an expectation of extensive contributions from all students to the discussion in all of the sessions. Small groups of seminar participants will also be expected to write and present position papers concerning the seminar's analytical topics. The industry scope of the seminar is twofold: First, it is about autonomous, electric, and shared vehicles. And second, it is about the manufacturer and supplier incumbents as well as the tech industry and startup new-entrants. In the course of the seminar discussions, we aim to deepen our understanding of strategic dynamics and transformational change at the societal, industry and organizational levels of our analysis.
Terms: Aut | Units: 2

STRAMGT 584: Impact: Assessing High Impact Business Models in Emerging Markets

In recent years, we've seen an explosion of innovative business models blazing new trails in emerging markets. Many of these models are achieving commercial success while transforming the lives of low-income populations. Using nine cases of both early-stage, entrepreneur-led ventures and later-stage, public or large-cap firms, this course will examine best practices for scaling new enterprises in emerging markets. It will do so primarily through the lens of a potential investor. It will also explore what is required to spark, nurture and scale entire sectors that serve rapidly growing, often low-income markets. What does it mean to work in markets with limited infrastructure? What common mistakes are made - whether in business model design, in supply chains, or in dealing with government - and how can we avoid them? Which are the best business models to serve markets that corporations have traditionally ignored, and in which government has failed to deliver? Who might be threatened by the success of these new businesses? The seminar is a good match for Stanford students interested in working or investing in emerging markets. It will be taught by Matt Bannick, who led Omidyar Network (a $1 billion impact investing fund) and is the former President of eBay International and of PayPal.
Terms: Win | Units: 2

SUST 261: Art and Science of Decision Making

When we make high-quality decisions, we improve the probability of outcomes we want. By combining the art of qualitative framing and structuring with the science of quantitative assessment and analysis, we will have pragmatic ways to: identify those core issues driving the value of our decisions, craft an inspirational vision, create viable alternatives, mitigate biases in probabilistic information, clarify both tangible and intangible preferences, develop appropriate risk/reward models, evaluate decisions for a broad range of uncertain scenarios, appraise values of gathering additional information, and ensure commitment to implementation plans and budgets. Common-sense rules and decision-making tools provide the essential focus, discipline, and passion we need for clarity of action on big, important decisions ? from personal choices to organizational decisions about business strategies or public policies. A normative approach prescribes how decisions can be made defensible using a logical basis of deliberative reasoning when we face a dynamic, complex, and uncertain future world. Transformational change can then implement the optimal decisions by following a dynamic process of project management. Course requirements include a midterm exam, a final exam, and an individual, quarter-long tutorial to frame, structure, assess, and analyze your personal career and lifestyle decisions for the initial 5 years after leaving Stanford. Key factors often include net discretionary income, savings and investments, macroeconomic trends, job satisfaction, personal life satisfaction, avocation pursuits, and relationships with family and friends. To achieve your desired results in this course, you are implored by the teaching team to "procrastinate your procrastination."
Terms: Spr | Units: 3
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